{"id":14754,"date":"2021-01-06T20:08:04","date_gmt":"2021-01-06T20:08:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/?p=14754"},"modified":"2022-03-29T13:16:51","modified_gmt":"2022-03-29T13:16:51","slug":"enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/","title":{"rendered":"Enabling GPCR Research with GPCR Antibodies"},"content":{"rendered":"

Written by Nora Marbaniang, Raghul Mathivanan & Amir Khan<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are GPCRs?<\/strong><\/p>\n

G<\/strong> (g<\/strong>uanine nucleotide-binding) P<\/strong>rotein-C<\/strong>oupled R<\/strong>eceptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell signaling receptors, with over 800 members (~4%) encoded in the human genome. GPCRs are seven pass-transmembrane proteins that recognize diverse extracellular ligands, such as biogenic amines, lipids, peptides, proteins, ions, and photons. Upon activation by a ligand, GPCRs undergo a conformational change to bind the G-protein and promote exchange of GTP instead of GDP. The heterotrimeric (\u03b1, \u03b2, \u03b3 subunits) G-protein dissociates into \u03b2\u03b3 and GTP-bound \u03b1 subunits to mediate a downstream signal cascade and biological effects. GPCR signaling is most common in response to hormones and neurotransmitters and play important roles in vision, olfaction, and taste (1).<\/p>\n

Mutations in GPCRs cause more than 30 different human diseases. Not surprisingly, GPCRs are amongst the most exploited drug targets – approximately 30-40% of drugs prescribed for heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, prostate cancer, and bronchial asthma target GPCRs. Recently, GPCRs function and malfunction have been increasingly implicated in cancers and are potential biomarkers for a number of cancers and immune system disorders.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Challenges in GPCR research<\/strong><\/p>\n

The unique biology of GPCRs makes them notoriously difficult to work with (2). Extraction of these highly hydrophobic receptors from the cell membrane into solution without compromising the structural and functional integrity is technically challenging. Inherently, these large transmembrane proteins are poorly expressed compared to other soluble proteins and overexpression often results in failure with localization to an inactive form in the inclusion bodies.<\/p>\n

Anti-GPCR antibodies are important research tools and are used in understanding GPCR\u2019s role in diseases such as cancer, infection, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. \u00a0However, raising high-quality, specific antibodies against GPCRs is no easy task (2).In addition to the extraction and purification challenges described above, the design of immunogenic antigens is restricted to exposed, hydrophilic regions of the GPCR. Additionally, a single GPCR can exhibit cellular heterogeneity in structure and ligand-binding activities presenting additional challenges in the development of functional anti-GPCR antibodies.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

GPCR antibody development <\/strong><\/p>\n

The antibody development team at Thermo Fisher Scientific has developed rabbit recombinant monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against several GPCR targets by employing a proprietary antibody development platform. Our GPCR antibody development efforts include the usage of specific strategies to obtain immunogens, such as peptides or short protein fragments, and the utilization of glycosylated residues on GCPRs for their enrichment and antibody screening. Once developed, antibody specificity is established using gene knockdown<\/a>, receptor internalization on cell treatment<\/a>, and relative expression<\/a> in different tissues.<\/p>\n

A selected list of GPCR antibodies (with advanced verification or multiple references) present in our portfolio is presented in Table 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
GPCR Target<\/strong><\/td>\nProduct #<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DRD1<\/td>\nMA1-46024<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GPR68<\/td>\n702595<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GHSR<\/td>\n720278<\/a>, PA5-28752<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GABBR2<\/td>\n703357<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BDKRB2<\/td>\n711638<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CRHR1<\/td>\n702611<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CALCRL<\/td>\n703811<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GPR98<\/td>\n703513<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GPR30<\/td>\nPA5-77396<\/a>, 703480<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CCR5<\/td>\n12-1951-82<\/a>, 14-1957-82<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CXCR4<\/td>\nPA3-305<\/a>, 35-8800<\/a>, 17-9991-82<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ADRA1A<\/td>\nPA1-047<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CXCR7<\/td>\nPA5-27077<\/a>, PA3-069<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Table 1. GPCR Targets and available, verified antibodies<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In the following sections we highlight findings from a research publication (3<\/a>), Herzig et al. 2019 \u2018<\/strong>Comprehensive assessment of GPR68 expression in normal and neoplastic human tissues using a novel rabbit monoclonal antibody<\/strong>\u2019 (PMID: 31652823<\/a>), using a GPR68 antibody<\/a> (Product #\u00a0<\/strong>702595)developed using the above-mentioned strategies.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

GPR68 recombinant monoclonal antibody for basic research and pathological examinations<\/strong><\/p>\n

GPR68 or ovarian cancer G Protein coupled Receptor 1 (OGR1) is a member of the proton sensing GPCR family. The protein is active at a slightly acidic pH, 6.8, but inactive at pH 7.8. At acidic pH, four histidines in the extracellular loop are protonated resulting in disruption of H-bonds and activation of the protein. Apart from pH, ogerin and benzodiazepine lorazepam act as its chemical activators. GPR68 is reported to play major roles in inflammation, ischaemia, and tumorigenesis. These conditions are characterized by pH changes in the microenvironment.<\/p>\n

Contradictory reports exist on the role of GPR68 in tumorigenesis. In cancer cell lines, increased GPR68 expression results in reduced cell proliferation and migration, thus, suggesting tumor suppressor roles. However, GPR68 deficiency in mouse cancer model experiments favored tumor reduction indicating tumor promoter functions. Further investigation is crucial to verify if GPR68 impact varies depending on the tumor cell type, microenvironment, and differences in primary tumors and metastases.<\/p>\n

A major limitation of studying GPR68 in tissues as opposed to cancer cell lines is the unavailability of a specific monoclonal antibody with minimal background staining. To develop such a reagent, we used the carboxyl-terminal tail of human GPR68 as an epitope to generate a rabbit recombinant monoclonal antibody (GPR68 Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody, 16H23L16, Product #\u00a0<\/strong>702595<\/a>) that could be effectively used for three applications, namely western blot (figure 1A), immunocytochemistry, and immunofluorescence double-labelling of normal and neoplastic tissue sections. Specificity of the antibody could be verified by genetic knockdown using siRNA, resulting in a reduction in signal in western blotting (3<\/a>).<\/p>\n

In immunofluorescence, clear cytoplasmic staining could be observed at pH 6.8 or 7.4 and when the lorazepam treatment was used. However, this changed to plasma membrane staining at pH 7.8, mirroring GPR68 biology (3<\/a>). Immunohistochemistry of normal tissues distinctly revealed GPR68 presence in glucagon- producing alpha cells of pancreas (figure 1B), neuroendocrine cells of the intestinal tract, gastric glands, granulocytes, macrophages, and muscle layers of blood vessels. (3<\/a>).<\/p>\n

\"GPR68\"no<\/p>\n

\u00a0 A.\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Figure 1. A <\/strong>Western blot analysis of whole-cell preparations from mock- or stably GPR68-transfected HEK-293 cells using GPR68 Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (16H23L16)<\/a> (Product # 702595, 1:500 dilution). B.<\/strong> Strong staining of distinct cells in pancreatic islets was observed in the human pancreas tested using the same recombinant rabbit monoclonal antibody in immunohistochemistry. Inset shows control tissue where no primary antibody was added.<\/p>\n

To decipher GPR68 roles in cancer and its presence in human tumor samples, Herzig et al assessed GPR68 in a broad panel of tumor tissues. Based on a calculated \u2018immune reactive score\u2019 the most prominent antibody staining was attributed in pancreatic and neuroendocrine tumors. The staining results were correlated with clinical data, such as grading, staging, glucagon, or insulin secretion, and patient overall survival. Higher GPR68 expression was noted in well-differentiated tumors compared to the expression in highly aggressive neoplasms and correlated with higher survival rate. This suggests that in neuroendocrine tumors, GPR68 may act as a tumor suppressor (3<\/a>).<\/p>\n

The development of a specific GPR68 antibody that works in a variety of applications is incredibly useful. Research on GPR68 has generated a wealth of information on a GPCR that until a few years ago was characterized as an orphan receptor with unknown endogenous ligands, biologicalfunctions, and clinical relevance.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Additional Antibody Blogs<\/strong><\/p>\n

Let\u2019s get \u2018specific\u2019 about the TNFR pathway!<\/a><\/p>\n

DIY Neurons for antibody validation<\/a><\/p>\n

Translate to Invitrogen antibodies for your ribosomal protein research!<\/a><\/p>\n

Drivers of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex<\/a><\/p>\n

PRMTs: Role in epigenetic regulation\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n

Using Blockers to Unlock Secretory Proteins<\/a><\/p>\n

CRISPR technology applied to antibody validation to accelerate neurobiology research<\/a><\/p>\n

Specific and neutralizing recombinant antibodies to SARS-CoV-2<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1)\u00a0Weis, W. I., & Kobilka B. K. (2018). The molecular basis of G protein-coupled receptor activation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 87:897\u2013919<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0Jo, M., & Jung, S. T. (2016). Engineering therapeutic antibodies targeting G-protein \u2013 coupled receptors.\u00a0Experimental &amp; Molecular Medicine,\u00a048(2), e207-9<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0Herzig, M., Dasgupta, P., Kaemmerer, D., S\u00e4nger, J., Evert, K., Schulz, S., & Lupp, A.(2019). Comprehensive assessment of GPR68 expression in normal and neoplastic human tissues using a novel rabbit monoclonal antibody. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20(21), 5261<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Written by Nora Marbaniang, Raghul Mathivanan & Amir Khan   What are GPCRs? G (guanine nucleotide-binding) Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell signaling receptors, with over 800 members (~4%) encoded in the human genome. GPCRs are seven pass-transmembrane proteins that recognize diverse extracellular ligands, such as biogenic amines, lipids, peptides, proteins, ions,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":120,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[54],"tags":[2266,2267,2177,271,2175,2181,2179,2178,2180,2176,75],"division":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-14754","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-cancer-research","7":"tag-antibodies","8":"tag-antibody","9":"tag-antibody-development","10":"tag-cancer","11":"tag-gpcr","12":"tag-immunofluorescence","13":"tag-immunohistochemistry","14":"tag-monoclonal","15":"tag-pathology","16":"tag-primary-antibodies","17":"tag-western-blot","18":"entry"},"_selected_authors":"","_selected_reviewers":"","acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWestern blot analysis of whole-cell preparations<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"GPR68 Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (16H23L16)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Enabling GPCR Research with GPCR Antibodies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"GPR68 Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (16H23L16)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Behind the Bench\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/thermofisher\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-01-06T20:08:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-03-29T13:16:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/01\/image-figure-a-jpg-2.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Behind The Bench Staff\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@thermofisher\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@thermofisher\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Behind The Bench Staff\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Behind The Bench Staff\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\\\/behindthebench\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9bbb2d67616274d3d4a21a584f7f4a0c\"},\"headline\":\"Enabling GPCR Research with GPCR Antibodies\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-06T20:08:04+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-03-29T13:16:51+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1201,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/9\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/image-figure-a-jpg-2.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Antibodies\",\"Antibody\",\"antibody development\",\"cancer\",\"GPCR\",\"immunofluorescence\",\"immunohistochemistry\",\"monoclonal\",\"pathology\",\"primary antibodies\",\"Western blot\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Cancer Research\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/\",\"name\":\"Western blot analysis of whole-cell preparations\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\\\/behindthebench\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/9\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/image-figure-a-jpg-2.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-06T20:08:04+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-03-29T13:16:51+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\\\/behindthebench\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9bbb2d67616274d3d4a21a584f7f4a0c\"},\"description\":\"GPR68 Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (16H23L16)\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/9\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/image-figure-a-jpg-2.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/9\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/image-figure-a-jpg-2.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.thermofisher.com\\\/blog\\\/behindthebench\\\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\\\/behindthebench\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Enabling GPCR Research with GPCR Antibodies\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\\\/behindthebench\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\\\/behindthebench\\\/\",\"name\":\"Behind the Bench\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\\\/behindthebench\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\\\/behindthebench\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9bbb2d67616274d3d4a21a584f7f4a0c\",\"name\":\"Behind The Bench Staff\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/52d5c16ece4bd1c0a49a63521c2b6a25c54a3f0c33f7afed215ba7e0cdff69e3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/52d5c16ece4bd1c0a49a63521c2b6a25c54a3f0c33f7afed215ba7e0cdff69e3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/52d5c16ece4bd1c0a49a63521c2b6a25c54a3f0c33f7afed215ba7e0cdff69e3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Behind The Bench Staff\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\\\/author\\\/behind-the-bench-staff\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Western blot analysis of whole-cell preparations","description":"GPR68 Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (16H23L16)","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Enabling GPCR Research with GPCR Antibodies","og_description":"GPR68 Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (16H23L16)","og_url":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/","og_site_name":"Behind the Bench","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/thermofisher","article_published_time":"2021-01-06T20:08:04+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-03-29T13:16:51+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/01\/image-figure-a-jpg-2.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"Behind The Bench Staff","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@thermofisher","twitter_site":"@thermofisher","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Behind The Bench Staff","Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/"},"author":{"name":"Behind The Bench Staff","@id":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/#\/schema\/person\/9bbb2d67616274d3d4a21a584f7f4a0c"},"headline":"Enabling GPCR Research with GPCR Antibodies","datePublished":"2021-01-06T20:08:04+00:00","dateModified":"2022-03-29T13:16:51+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/"},"wordCount":1201,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/01\/image-figure-a-jpg-2.jpg","keywords":["Antibodies","Antibody","antibody development","cancer","GPCR","immunofluorescence","immunohistochemistry","monoclonal","pathology","primary antibodies","Western blot"],"articleSection":["Cancer Research"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/","url":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/","name":"Western blot analysis of whole-cell preparations","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/01\/image-figure-a-jpg-2.jpg","datePublished":"2021-01-06T20:08:04+00:00","dateModified":"2022-03-29T13:16:51+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/#\/schema\/person\/9bbb2d67616274d3d4a21a584f7f4a0c"},"description":"GPR68 Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (16H23L16)","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/01\/image-figure-a-jpg-2.jpg","contentUrl":"http:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/01\/image-figure-a-jpg-2.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/enabling-gpcr-research-with-gpcr-antibodies\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Enabling GPCR Research with GPCR Antibodies"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/#website","url":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/","name":"Behind the Bench","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/#\/schema\/person\/9bbb2d67616274d3d4a21a584f7f4a0c","name":"Behind The Bench Staff","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/52d5c16ece4bd1c0a49a63521c2b6a25c54a3f0c33f7afed215ba7e0cdff69e3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/52d5c16ece4bd1c0a49a63521c2b6a25c54a3f0c33f7afed215ba7e0cdff69e3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/52d5c16ece4bd1c0a49a63521c2b6a25c54a3f0c33f7afed215ba7e0cdff69e3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Behind The Bench Staff"},"url":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/author\/behind-the-bench-staff\/"}]}},"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":54,"label":"Cancer Research"}],"post_tag":[{"value":2266,"label":"Antibodies"},{"value":2267,"label":"Antibody"},{"value":2177,"label":"antibody development"},{"value":271,"label":"cancer"},{"value":2175,"label":"GPCR"},{"value":2181,"label":"immunofluorescence"},{"value":2179,"label":"immunohistochemistry"},{"value":2178,"label":"monoclonal"},{"value":2180,"label":"pathology"},{"value":2176,"label":"primary antibodies"},{"value":75,"label":"Western blot"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"Behind The Bench Staff","author_link":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/author\/behind-the-bench-staff\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":54,"name":"Cancer Research","slug":"cancer-research","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":54,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":142,"filter":"raw","meta":[],"cat_ID":54,"category_count":142,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Cancer Research","category_nicename":"cancer-research","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":2266,"name":"Antibodies","slug":"antibodies","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2266,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":5,"filter":"raw","meta":[]},{"term_id":2267,"name":"Antibody","slug":"antibody","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2267,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":2,"filter":"raw","meta":[]},{"term_id":2177,"name":"antibody development","slug":"antibody-development","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2177,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw","meta":[]},{"term_id":271,"name":"cancer","slug":"cancer","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":271,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":10,"filter":"raw","meta":[]},{"term_id":2175,"name":"GPCR","slug":"gpcr","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2175,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw","meta":[]},{"term_id":2181,"name":"immunofluorescence","slug":"immunofluorescence","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2181,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw","meta":[]},{"term_id":2179,"name":"immunohistochemistry","slug":"immunohistochemistry","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2179,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw","meta":[]},{"term_id":2178,"name":"monoclonal","slug":"monoclonal","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2178,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw","meta":[]},{"term_id":2180,"name":"pathology","slug":"pathology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2180,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":2,"filter":"raw","meta":[]},{"term_id":2176,"name":"primary antibodies","slug":"primary-antibodies","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2176,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":2,"filter":"raw","meta":[]},{"term_id":75,"name":"Western blot","slug":"western-blot","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":75,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw","meta":[]}],"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":19176,"url":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/tackling-insoluble-and-difficult-to-express-transmembrane-proteins\/","url_meta":{"origin":14754,"position":0},"title":"Tackling Insoluble and Difficult-to-Express Proteins","author":"Behind The Bench Staff","date":"October 23, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Few things in the lab can feel as challenging as working with transmembrane proteins. These complex structures span cell membranes, performing vital functions from signal transduction to transport of molecules across cellular barriers. Low expression yields, protein misfolding, and aggregation frequently plague researchers attempting to produce functional transmembrane proteins. Extracting\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "General"","block_context":{"text":"General","link":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/general\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"The complex structure and environment of transmembrane proteins within the lipid bilayer.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2025\/10\/trans_membrane_pex.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2025\/10\/trans_membrane_pex.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2025\/10\/trans_membrane_pex.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2025\/10\/trans_membrane_pex.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":19958,"url":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/real-time-process-monitoring-for-therapeutic-protein-production\/","url_meta":{"origin":14754,"position":1},"title":"Real-Time Process Monitoring for Therapeutic Protein Production","author":"Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane","date":"September 15, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Overview Producing therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies requires precise control throughout downstream processing. Real-time process monitoring provides continuous insight into critical variables such as protein concentration and buffer composition, helping teams make faster decisions, reduce process variability, and improve control during therapeutic protein production. The challenges of downstream processing\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "General"","block_context":{"text":"General","link":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/general\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/09\/iStock-2258800591.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/09\/iStock-2258800591.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/09\/iStock-2258800591.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/09\/iStock-2258800591.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":19184,"url":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/magnetic-cell-separation-how-to-automate-cell-isolation\/","url_meta":{"origin":14754,"position":2},"title":"Magnetic Cell Separation: How to Automate Cell Isolation","author":"Behind The Bench Staff","date":"October 29, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"In the rapidly advancing field of medical diagnostics, liquid biopsy stands out as an innovative technique that is advancing the way we detect and monitor diseases. Unlike traditional biopsies, which require invasive procedures to extract tissue samples, liquid biopsy offers a minimally invasive alternative by isolating cells from complex samples\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "General"","block_context":{"text":"General","link":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/general\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Automated cell isolation","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2025\/10\/Blog-32-Automated-Cell-Isolation_1600x350px.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2025\/10\/Blog-32-Automated-Cell-Isolation_1600x350px.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2025\/10\/Blog-32-Automated-Cell-Isolation_1600x350px.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2025\/10\/Blog-32-Automated-Cell-Isolation_1600x350px.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2025\/10\/Blog-32-Automated-Cell-Isolation_1600x350px.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2025\/10\/Blog-32-Automated-Cell-Isolation_1600x350px.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":19538,"url":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/why-continuous-real-time-raman-pat-outperforms-discrete-pat-in-bioprocessing\/","url_meta":{"origin":14754,"position":3},"title":"Why Continuous Real-Time Raman PAT Outperforms Discrete PAT in Bioprocessing","author":"Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane","date":"April 7, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Overview Continuous, in-line, real-time process Raman spectroscopy significantly outperforms discrete PAT approaches in bioprocessing. By enabling deeper process understanding and proactive control, Raman spectroscopy can monitor upstream monoclonal antibody production through real-time measurements of glucose and lactate, which enables automated feedback control that significantly increased titer and reduced glycation (as\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Pharma & Biotech Manufacturing"","block_context":{"text":"Pharma & Biotech Manufacturing","link":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/pharmamfg\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"bioprocessing facility","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/04\/cropped_1236x350.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/04\/cropped_1236x350.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/04\/cropped_1236x350.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/04\/cropped_1236x350.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/04\/cropped_1236x350.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":19579,"url":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/liquid-biopsy-cancer-research-ngs-pcr\/","url_meta":{"origin":14754,"position":4},"title":"From Discovery to Monitoring: How Sequencing and PCR Work Together in Oncology Research","author":"Behind The Bench Staff","date":"March 24, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Scientific, joins the Absolute Gene-ius podcast to discuss how molecular technologies are advancing precision oncology research. With experience spanning clinical laboratory research, digital PCR research applications, and next-generation sequencing (NGS), Dr. Sollweck shares how scientists are addressing critical unmet needs in cancer research. From liquid biopsy research strategies to minimal\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Cancer Research"","block_context":{"text":"Cancer Research","link":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/cancer-research\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/Sollweck-headshot-200x250_Jordan-Ruggieri.jpeg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":19911,"url":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/multiplex-mirna-profiling-precision-oncology\/","url_meta":{"origin":14754,"position":5},"title":"A scalable multiplex miRNA profiling workflow for precision oncology research","author":"Ashleigh Barlow","date":"August 18, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"The promise of precision oncology rests on our ability to reliably monitor tumor biology in real time. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) offer that opportunity, serving as potentially stable, non-invasive biomarkers linked to disease progression and therapeutic response; however, their adoption in routine practice remains constrained by technical hurdles. (1,2) Because cancer\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Cancer Research"","block_context":{"text":"Cancer Research","link":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/cancer-research\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Scientist pipetting a laboratory sample during molecular biomarker research.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/08\/lisa-blog-picture.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/08\/lisa-blog-picture.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/08\/lisa-blog-picture.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/08\/lisa-blog-picture.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/120"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14754"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14754\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14754"},{"taxonomy":"division","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/division?post=14754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}