{"id":10004,"date":"2018-11-13T19:17:49","date_gmt":"2018-11-13T19:17:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/materials\/?p=10004"},"modified":"2026-09-10T13:35:54","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T18:35:54","slug":"cathode-materials-in-lithium-ion-batteries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/materials\/cathode-materials-in-lithium-ion-batteries\/","title":{"rendered":"Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries"},"content":{"rendered":"

Electrochemical cells, <\/span><\/span>which <\/span><\/span>we<\/span><\/span> commonly<\/span><\/span> call batteries, have been a part of<\/span><\/span> our daily <\/span><\/span>lives since most of us were born. From their invention in 1800 by <\/span>Alessadro<\/span> Volta, batteries operate on the principle that ions can flow in a chemical reaction from one type of metal<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> called a cathode<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> through a salt solution to another metal<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> called an anode. When these metals <\/span>are connected with<\/span> a metal wire, electrons flow from anode to cathode. In short<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> batteries store and discharge electrical energy, enabling us (among other activities) to change television channels without leaving our sofas.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

High-energy cathode materials charging and discharging<\/p><\/div>\n

The chief problem <\/span><\/span>with <\/span><\/span>battery cells is that <\/span><\/span>they <\/span><\/span>eventually reach a state of equilibrium and can no longer hold an electrical charge. Open a certain “catch-all” drawer in most American households and <\/span><\/span>you’ll <\/span><\/span>likely find a graveyard of spent batteries. <\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

For that we have rechargeable battery cells. A common rechargeable battery is the lead-acid battery, which you’ll find in automobiles and other vehicles. These batteries exhibit a very low energy-to-weight <\/span>ratio, but<\/span> have a large power-to-weight ratio. They are great for a short burst of high electrical current to, say, start your car, but impossible (and dangerous) to carry around to make a 20-second call on your mobile phone. <\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

A fully discharged lead-acid battery contains two cells of lead sulfate (PbSO<\/span><\/span>4<\/span><\/span>) in a sulfuric acid electrolyte solution. Charging the battery by applying an electrical current to the two electrodes<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> creates a positively charged lead dioxide plate and<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> negative plate of lead. Hook these cells up <\/span><\/span>on <\/span><\/span>your automobile starter, and your family vacation is off to a successful start.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

The principle of a rechargeable battery is that you need to apply an electrical current to reverse the chemical process that creates electricity. Over the years<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> various electrode and electrolyte materials have been used in rechargeable batteries, particularly nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium (<\/span>NiCd<\/span>), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> and silver-zinc (<\/span>AgZn<\/span>).<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

Now the most popular rechargeable, the lithium-ion battery<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> has several advantages and some famous problems. Lightweight with unmatched volumetric energy density, these batteries can power whole automobiles down to small electronic devices. In our series of application notes<\/a> reviewing current analysis of materials that can potentially improve lithium-ion batteries using Raman Spectroscopy, we start with the analysis of candidate materials for battery cathodes.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

Read Raman Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Components – Part I: Cathodes<\/a><\/span><\/span> for more information.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Electrochemical cells, which we commonly call batteries, have been a part of our daily lives since most of us were born. From their invention in 1800 by Alessadro Volta, batteries operate on the principle that ions can flow in a chemical reaction from one type of metal, called a cathode, through a salt solution to another metal, called an anode. When these metals are connected with a metal<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":10003,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[959,977,968],"tags":[942],"division":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-10004","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-fundamental-materials-research","8":"category-raman-spectroscopy","9":"category-spectroscopy-spectrometry","10":"tag-energy-materials","11":"entry"},"_selected_authors":[1319],"_selected_reviewers":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries - Advancing Materials<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore cathode materials used in lithium-ion batteries and how material composition and analysis influence battery performance, capacity, and reliability.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/materials\/cathode-materials-in-lithium-ion-batteries\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Explore cathode materials used in lithium-ion batteries and how material composition and analysis influence battery performance, capacity, and reliability.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/materials\/cathode-materials-in-lithium-ion-batteries\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Advancing Materials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/thermofisher\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-11-13T19:17:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-10T18:35:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/materials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2018\/11\/blog1image.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"760\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Carl D. 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