{"id":14338,"date":"2024-12-11T02:00:24","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T08:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/materials\/?p=14338"},"modified":"2026-04-03T12:43:36","modified_gmt":"2026-04-03T17:43:36","slug":"how-does-an-electron-microscope-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/materials\/how-does-an-electron-microscope-work\/","title":{"rendered":"How Does an Electron Microscope Work?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Since the advent of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/electron-microscopy.html\">electron microscopy<\/a> in the 1930s, this revolutionary technology has progressively allowed us to capture information at micro-, nano-, and even atomic scales, surpassing the limitations of light microscopy and revealing the hidden machinery underlying all matter.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 100%\"><strong>Exploring the unseen world with electron microscopes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Modern electron microscopes can clearly visualize rows and columns of discreet atoms in crystalline materials and reproduce 3D protein structures down to individual coordinated water molecules. These details have enabled countless advances in materials science, biology, and more, informing our understanding of macro-scale phenomena with molecular and atomistic insights.<\/p>\n<p>With all the enlightening and often beautiful imagery produced with electron microscopy, you may wonder, how does an electron microscope work? In this blog we will explore the basic components of an electron microscope and help familiarize you with this exciting technology.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14339\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14339\" class=\"wp-image-14339\" title=\"Diagram of a scanning electron microscope, including the location of the electron source, electromagnetic lenses, detector, etc.\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/materials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/12\/SEM-01.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of a scanning electron microscope, including the location of the electron source, electromagnetic lenses, detector, etc.\" width=\"600\" height=\"669\" srcset=\"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/materials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/12\/SEM-01.jpg 709w, https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/materials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/12\/SEM-01-269x300.jpg 269w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-14339\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of a scanning electron microscope.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 100%\"><strong>Components of an electron microscope<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>In general, a modern electron microscope has several key components: the electron source, electromagnetic lenses, and one or more electron detectors. The microscope begins by generating a focused beam of electrons from the source, which is then funneled by the lenses toward the sample. Once the beam electrons interact with the sample, they either reflect or pass through the sample, if it is thin enough. The detector is positioned to capture either these reflected or transmitted electrons, which carry various details about the sample due to their interaction.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 100%\"><strong>Electron source<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>There are several <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/electron-microscopy\/products\/components.html\">types of electron sources<\/a>, broadly categorized as either thermionic or field emission sources. Thermionic sources heat up a filament or crystal using an applied current until there is enough energy to emit electrons. Field emission sources apply a strong electrostatic field to a sharp metal (tungsten) tip, and the concentration of energy at the tip edge causes the ejection of electrons. Choosing a thermionic versus field emission source is largely a matter of cost and needed image quality.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14340\" style=\"width: 760px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14340\" class=\"wp-image-14340\" title=\"Simplified illustration of the electromagnetic lens structure of an electron microscope.\" src=\"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/materials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/12\/Electron-beam-1901020-1024x800-1.jpg\" alt=\"Simplified illustration of the electromagnetic lens structure of an electron microscope.\" width=\"750\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/materials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/12\/Electron-beam-1901020-1024x800-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/materials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/12\/Electron-beam-1901020-1024x800-1-300x234.jpg 300w, https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/materials\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/12\/Electron-beam-1901020-1024x800-1-768x600.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-14340\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simplified illustration of electromagnetic lens structure.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 100%\"><strong>Electromagnetic lenses<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Similar to how glass lenses focus and direct light in an optical microscope, electromagnetic lenses control the flow of electrons through the microscope. An electromagnetic lens consists of a series of parallel electric coils that produce a magnetic field. These are connected to pole pieces, hollow metal cylinders that focus the magnetic field near the electron beam. The electrons are then pulled through the center of the pole piece by the field.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 100%\"><strong>Electron detector<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Detectors have evolved significantly over the history of electron microscopes. Originally, electrons were detected by having them interact directly with camera film, which responds similarly to both electrons and photons. Today, most electron microscopes use a digital camera instead, either with a scintillator that emits light or a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/electron-microscopy\/products\/accessories-em\/falcon-detector.html\">direct electron detector<\/a>. Resolution is interpreted per pixel of the detector, with some detectors reaching 4k x 4k physical pixels (or 16 million pixels total).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 100%\"><strong>How electron microscope components work together<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The nature of modern electron microscopes necessitates management through an external computer running control software. This ideally coordinates and monitors the source, lenses, and detectors to provide optimized imaging and data collection. Some integrated control software can even offer automation, allowing you to gather a large quantity of data in an unattended fashion.<\/p>\n<p>We hope this provided a general overview of how an electron microscope works as well as its components. If you\u2019d like to know more about electron microscopes, such as the difference between transmission and scanning electron microscopes, please check out some of our other educational blogs in the Microscopy 101 series:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/atomic-resolution\/seeing-with-electrons-the-anatomy-of-an-electron-microscope\/?cid=msd_xbu_xbu_xmkt_xbl_1901020_gl_oso_blg_deredn&amp;utm_source=comms-blog&amp;utm_medium=blog&amp;utm_campaign=msd_xbu_xbu_xmkt_xbl_1901020_gl_oso_blg_deredn\">The Anatomy of an Electron Microscope<\/a><br \/>\n&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/materials\/electron-source-fundamentals\/?cid=msd_xbu_xbu_xmkt_xbl_1901020_gl_oso_blg_deredn&amp;utm_source=comms-blog&amp;utm_medium=blog&amp;utm_campaign=msd_xbu_xbu_xmkt_xbl_1901020_gl_oso_blg_deredn\">How Do You Make an Electron Beam? \u2013 Electron Source Fundamentals<\/a><br \/>\n&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/materials\/tem-vs-sem-whats-the-difference\/?cid=msd_xbu_xbu_xmkt_xbl_1901020_gl_oso_blg_deredn&amp;utm_source=comms-blog&amp;utm_medium=blog&amp;utm_campaign=msd_xbu_xbu_xmkt_xbl_1901020_gl_oso_blg_deredn\">TEM vs SEM: What\u2019s the Difference?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>For even more educational resources, visit our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home\/electron-microscopy\/learning-center.html?cid=msd_xbu_xbu_xmkt_xbl_1901020_gl_oso_blg_deredn&amp;utm_source=comms-blog&amp;utm_medium=blog&amp;utm_campaign=msd_xbu_xbu_xmkt_xbl_1901020_gl_oso_blg_deredn\">Electron Microscopy Learning Center &gt;&gt;<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Since the advent of electron microscopy in the 1930s, this revolutionary technology has progressively allowed us to capture information at micro-, nano-, and even atomic scales, surpassing the limitations of light microscopy and revealing the hidden machinery underlying all matter. Exploring the unseen world with electron microscopes Modern electron microscopes can clearly visualize rows and<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":905,"featured_media":14354,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[984,1282],"tags":[1284,1285],"division":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-14338","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-electron-microscopy-101","8":"category-scanning-electron-microscopes","9":"tag-scanning-electron-microscopes","10":"tag-what-is-a-scanning-electron-microscope","11":"entry"},"_selected_authors":[1292],"_selected_reviewers":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.8 (Yoast SEO v27.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How Does An Electron Microscope Work? - Electron Microscopes - Advancing Materials<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How does an electron microscope work? Learn about components such as the electron source, electromagnetic lenses, and electron detector.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/materials\/how-does-an-electron-microscope-work\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Does an Electron Microscope Work?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"How does an electron microscope work? 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They have a background in biophysical chemistry, with a focus on protein misfolding, aggregation, as well as mass spectrometry. Alex supports writing efforts across a variety of analytical instruments and software from Thermo Fisher Scientific, including electron microscopy in the life and materials sciences.\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\\\/author\\\/alexilitchev\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"How Does An Electron Microscope Work? - Electron Microscopes - Advancing Materials","description":"How does an electron microscope work? 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