Testosterone signaling through internalizable surface receptors in androgen receptor-free macrophages.
AuthorsBenten WP,Lieberherr M,Stamm O,Wrehlke C,Guo Z,Wunderlich F
JournalMolecular biology of the cell
PubMed ID10512854
Testosterone acts on cells through intracellular transcription-regulating androgen receptors (ARs). Here, we show that mouse IC-21 macrophages lack the classical AR yet exhibit specific nongenomic responses to testosterone. These manifest themselves as testosterone-induced rapid increase in intracellular free [Ca(2+)], which is due to release of Ca(2+) from intracellular Ca(2+) stores. ... More
Controlled release systems for proteins based on gelatin microspheres.
AuthorsRao JK, Ramesh DV, Rao KP
JournalJ Biomater Sci Polym Ed
PubMed ID7841146
The preparation and characterization of biodegradable gelatin microspheres for the controlled release of peptides and proteins has been investigated. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was chosen for incorporation into the gelatin microspheres and the spheres were characterized for the in vitro release of BSA and other properties. BSA was labelled with ... More
SH2-B is required for growth hormone-induced actin reorganization.
AuthorsHerrington J, Diakonova M, Rui L, Gunter DR, Carter-Su C
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID10777618
'The Src homology-2 (SH2) domain-containing protein SH2-Bbeta is a substrate of the growth hormone (GH) receptor-associated tyrosine kinase JAK2. Here we tested whether SH2-Bbeta is involved in GH regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Based on cell fractionation and confocal microscopy, we find SH2-Bbeta present at the plasma membrane and in ... More
Fluorescein and tetramethyl rhodamine as haptens in enzyme immunohistochemistry.
AuthorsHaaijman JJ, Coolen J, Kröse CJ, Pronk GJ, Ming ZF
JournalHistochemistry
PubMed ID3522496
'Fluorescein (Fl) and tetramethyl rhodamine (Rh) were evaluated as possible candidates for a double hapten sandwich system in enzyme immunohistology. Monoclonal antibodies were raised against Fl and Rh. Their fine-specificity was tested with a competition-like assay. A pair of Mab''s was selected for immunohistology in which they functioned as a ... More
Analysis of rates of receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis of a fluorescent hapten-protein conjugate in murine macrophage: implications for antigen processing.
AuthorsWeaver DJ, Voss EW
JournalBiol Cell
PubMed ID9691434
'A novel fluorescent hapten-protein conjugate was constructed to monitor the events required for CD 4+ lymphocyte recognition of antigenic proteins. Previous studies utilizing the probe demonstrated that the hapten-protein was localized to an acidic endocytic compartment within the macrophage and that the hapten-protein was sensitive to multiple intracellular events including ... More
Functional consequences of insertions and deletions in the complementarity-determining regions of human antibodies.
AuthorsLantto J, Ohlin M
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID12237318
'Insertions and deletions of nucleotides in the genes encoding the variable domains of antibodies are natural components of the hypermutation process, which may expand the available repertoire of hypervariable loop lengths and conformations. Although insertion of amino acids has also been utilized in antibody engineering, little is known about the ... More
SOCS1 deficiency causes a lymphocyte-dependent perinatal lethality.
AuthorsMarine JC, Topham DJ, McKay C, Wang D, Parganas E, Stravopodis D, Yoshimura A, Ihle JN
JournalCell
PubMed ID10490100
'SOCS1 is an SH2-containing protein that is primarily expressed in thymocytes in a cytokine- and T cell receptor-independent manner. SOCS1 deletion causes perinatal lethality with death by 2-3 weeks. During this period thymic changes include a loss of cellularity and a switch from predominantly CD4+ CD8+ to single positive cells. ... More
Targeted disruption of mouse conventional kinesin heavy chain, kif5B, results in abnormal perinuclear clustering of mitochondria.
AuthorsTanaka Y, Kanai Y, Okada Y, Nonaka S, Takeda S, Harada A, Hirokawa N
JournalCell
PubMed ID9657148
'Mouse kif5B gene was disrupted by homologous recombination. kif5B-/- mice were embryonic lethal with a severe growth retardation at 9.5-11.5 days postcoitum. To analyze the significance of this conventional kinesin heavy chain in organelle transport, we studied the distribution of major organelles in the extraembryonic cells. The null mutant cells ... More
A novel cellular interaction involving antigen-pulsed macrophage and antigen-specific B-lymphocytes.
AuthorsWeaver DJ, Voss EW
JournalMol Immunol
PubMed ID11000404
'Extensive documentation shows that macrophage efficiently present antigen to CD 4(+) T-cells in conjunction with the MHC II molecule. Previously, a novel fluorescent probe, FITC-BSA, was developed to analyze intracellular antigen processing and presentation pathways within viable peritoneal murine macrophage. The studies revealed fluorescein''s accessibility to antibody binding when associated ... More
Ionic strength of the intermembrane space of intact mitochondria as estimated with fluorescein-BSA delivered by low pH fusion.
AuthorsCortese JD, Voglino AL, Hackenbrock CR
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID2045415
'The electrostatic interactions of cytochrome c with its redox partners and membrane lipids, as well as other protein interactions and biochemical reactions, may be modulated by the ionic strength of the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. FITC-BSA was used to determine the relative value of the mitochondrial intermembrane ionic strength ... More
Fluorescence photobleaching with spatial Fourier analysis: measurement of diffusion in light-scattering media.
AuthorsBerk DA, Yuan F, Leunig M, Jain RK
JournalBiophys J
PubMed ID8312481
'A new method for the measurement of diffusion in thick samples is introduced, based upon the spatial Fourier analysis of Tsay and Jacobson (Biophys. J. 60: 360-368, 1991) for the video image analysis of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). In this approach, the diffusion coefficient is calculated from the decay ... More
A simple fluorescent method for simultaneous determination of aortic permeability to horseradish peroxidase and bovine serum albumin.
AuthorsHollis TM, Katora ME, Montini J
JournalJ Histochem Cytochem
PubMed ID6798104
'Differences in regional aortic net uptake of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and horseradish peroxidase (HP) have been examined by means of conjugation of these molecules to the fluorescent protein tracers fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and lissamine rhodamine B (RB200). Using male Wistar rats, uptake of FITC-BSA under steady state conditions in ... More
The Dictyostelium discoideum 30,000-dalton protein is an actin filament-bundling protein that is selectively present in filopodia.
AuthorsFechheimer M
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID3294856
'The interaction with actin and intracellular localization of the 30,000-D actin-binding protein from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum have been investigated to analyze the potential contributions of this protein to cell structure and movement. The formation of anisotropic cross-linked filament networks (bundles) containing actin and the 30,000-D protein has ... More
Nucleus-specific and temporally restricted localization of proteins in Tetrahymena macronuclei and micronuclei.
AuthorsWhite EM, Allis CD, Goldfarb DS, Srivastva A, Weir JW, Gorovsky MA
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID2553740
'Labeled nuclear proteins were microinjected into the cytoplasm of Tetrahymena thermophila. Macronuclear H1, calf thymus H1, and the SV40 large T antigen nuclear localization signal linked to BSA accumulated specifically in macronuclei, even if cells were in micronuclear S phase or were nonreplicating. The way in which histone H4 localized ... More
Active oxidants mediate IFN-alpha-induced microvascular alterations in rat mesentery.
AuthorsHiguchi H, Kurose I, Fukumura D, Yan HJ, Saito H, Miura S, Hokari R, Watanabe N, Zeki S, Yoshida M, Kitajima M, Granger DN, Ishii H
JournalJ Immunol
PubMed ID9144506
'The present study was designed to investigate the influences of IFN-alpha on the microcirculatory hemodynamics. The mesenteric microcirculation of male Wistar rats was observed through an intravital fluorescence microscopic system. The leukocyte behavior, RBC velocity, and albumin leakage were monitored simultaneously before and after a continuous infusion of IFN-alpha. In ... More
Antibody diffusion in human cervical mucus.
AuthorsSaltzman WM, Radomsky ML, Whaley KJ, Cone RA
JournalBiophys J
PubMed ID8161703
'The mucosal immune system actively transports large quantities of antibodies into all mucus secretions, and these secreted antibodies help prevent infectious entry of many pathogens. Mucus is generally thought to protect epithelial cells by forming a diffusional barrier through which only small molecules can pass. However, electron microscopy indicates that ... More
T-lymphocytes modulate the microvascular and inflammatory responses to intestinal ischemia-reperfusion.
AuthorsShigematsu T, Wolf RE, Granger DN
JournalMicrocirculation
PubMed ID11932777
'OBJECTIVE: The overall objective of this study was to define the contribution of T-lymphocytes to the microvascular and inflammatory responses of the intestine to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). METHODS: The superior mesenteric artery of wild-type (WT) and SCID mice was occluded for 45 minutes, followed by 30 minutes or 6 hours of ... More
Quantitative study of molecular transport due to electroporation: uptake of bovine serum albumin by erythrocyte ghosts.
AuthorsPrausnitz MR, Milano CD, Gimm JA, Langer R, Weaver JC
JournalBiophys J
PubMed ID8061201
'Electroporation is believed to involve the creation of aqueous pathways in lipid bilayer membranes by transient elevation of the transmembrane voltage to approximately 1 V. Here, results are presented for a quantitative study of the number of bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecules transported into erythrocyte ghosts caused by electroportion. 1) ... More
Electropermeabilization of mammalian cells to macromolecules: control by pulse duration.
AuthorsRols MP, Teissié J
JournalBiophys J
PubMed ID9726943
'Membrane electropermeabilization to small molecules depends on several physical parameters (pulse intensity, number, and duration). In agreement with a previous study quantifying this phenomenon in terms of flow (Rols and Teissié, Biophys. J. 58:1089-1098, 1990), we report here that electric field intensity is the deciding parameter inducing membrane permeabilization and ... More
Nuclear localization signals of human and Thermoplasma proteasomal alpha subunits are functional in vitro.
AuthorsNederlof PM, Wang HR, Baumeister W
JournalProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PubMed ID8618844
'Proteasomes are located both in the nuclei and in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Active transport of these complexes through the nuclear pores has been proposed to be mediated by nuclear localization signals (NLS), which have been found in several of the alpha-type proteasomal subunits. We have tested three different ... More
Response of the rat cremaster microcirculation to hemorrhage in vivo: differential effects of intravenous anesthetic agents.
AuthorsBrookes ZL, Brown NJ, Reilly CS
JournalShock
PubMed ID12462563
'Anesthetic agents are known to have differential effects on both the systemic circulation and the microcirculation. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of several intravenous (i.v.) agents on the microcirculatory response to hemorrhage. Male Wistar rats (n = 52) were anesthetized i.v. either with propofol and ... More
FITC-poly-D-lysine conjugates as fluorescent probes to quantify hapten-specific macrophage receptor binding and uptake kinetics.
AuthorsCherukuri A, Frye J, French T, Durack G, Voss EW
JournalCytometry
PubMed ID9482280
'A series of fluorescein derivatized poly-D-lysine (FITC-PDL) probes were used to elucidate the role of fluorescein in receptor binding of fluorescein-conjugated macromolecules to J774 murine macrophages. Poly-D-lysine served to eliminate receptor recognition of the carrier due to the biologically inert nature of the D-isomer. This concept enabled the focused investigation ... More
Analysis of the intracellular processing of proteins: application of fluorescence polarization and a novel fluorescent probe.
AuthorsWeaver DJ, Durack G, Voss EW
JournalCytometry
PubMed ID9136752
'Previous studies indicated that fluorescein derivatized bovine serum albumin was an ideal probe to monitor the time-dependent kinetics of antigen processing in the murine macrophage cell line J774. Whereas previous work focused on fluorescence intensity measurements, the present study relied on fluorescence polarization to dissect the local environment of the ... More
Induced endocytosis in human fibroblasts by electrical fields.
AuthorsGlogauer M, Lee W, McCulloch CA
JournalExp Cell Res
PubMed ID8359218
'Electroporation creates transient pores through which exogenous molecules can gain access to the cell cytoplasm. However, the electrical events associated with this phenomenon may perturb membrane-dependent events such as endocytosis. To measure the effect of electroporation on endocytosis, suspensions of human gingival fibroblasts were subjected to 5-ms electrical discharges, allowed ... More
Localization of bovine serum albumin in double-walled microspheres.
AuthorsRahman NA, Mathiowitz E
JournalJ Control Release
PubMed ID14684280
'Phase separation of binary blends of various combinations of poly (L-lactide) (PLA), and poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Based on this phase separation phenomenon, double-walled microspheres were fabricated. A model agent, bovine serum albumin (BSA) labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-BSA) was localized in each layer. ... More
Stopped-flow enzyme assays on a chip using a microfabricated mixer.
AuthorsBurke BJ, Regnier FE
JournalAnal Chem
PubMed ID12713034
'This paper describes a microfabricated enzyme assay system including a micromixer that can be used to perform stopped-flow reactions. Samples and reagents were transported into the system by electroosmotic flow (EOF). Streams of reagents were merged and passed through the 100-pL micromixer in < 1 s. The objective of the ... More
Microinjected fluorescent phalloidin in vivo reveals the F-actin dynamics and assembly in higher plant mitotic cells.
AuthorsSchmit AC, Lambert AM
JournalPlant Cell
PubMed ID2136631
'Endosperm mitotic cells microinjected with fluorescent phalloidin enabled us to follow the in vivo dynamics of the F-actin cytoskeleton. The fluorescent probe immediately bound to plant microfilaments. First, we investigated the active rearrangement of F-actin during chromosome migration, which appeared to be slowed down in the presence of phalloidin. These ... More
Optimized conditions to couple two water-soluble biomolecules through alkylamine thiolation and thioetherification.
AuthorsMeunier L, Bourgerie S, Mayer R, Roche AC, Monsigny M
JournalBioconjug Chem
PubMed ID10077469
'A simple method for introducing, in buffered saline, a reactive sulfhydryl group on water-soluble molecules bearing an alkyl-amino group is described. This method is based on the use of two water-soluble reagents: 2-iminothiolane and 6,6''-dithiodinicotinic acid. The first one is open upon reaction with an amino group, and the generated ... More
Interaction of fluorescently-labeled contractile proteins with the cytoskeleton in cell models.
AuthorsSanger JW, Mittal B, Sanger JM
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID6540785
'To determine if a living cell is necessary for the incorporation of actin, alpha-actinin, and tropomyosin into the cytoskeleton, we have exposed cell models to fluorescently labeled contractile proteins. In this in vitro system, lissamine rhodamine-labeled actin bound to attachment plaques, ruffles, cleavage furrows and stress fibers, and the binding ... More
Differential roles of Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII in immune complex stimulation of human neutrophils.
AuthorsBrunkhorst BA, Strohmeier G, Lazzari K, Weil G, Melnick D, Fleit HB, Simons ER
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID1328206
'Insoluble immune complexes (IIC) stimulate human neutrophils through Fc gamma receptors. Freshly isolated human neutrophils express two FcR subclasses, FcRII and FcRIII. We explored the role of FcRII and FcRIII in this activation process by selectively binding each FcR subclass with the Fab fragments of the respective anti-FcR monoclonal antibodies ... More
Permeability of the primary decidual zone in the rat uterus: studies using fluorescein-labeled proteins and dextrans.
AuthorsParr MB, Parr EL
JournalBiol Reprod
PubMed ID2420379
'The primary decidual zone (PDZ) is a transitory avascular region of transformed fibroblasts surrounding the luminal epithelium at the implantation site. Since this zone may restrict the passage of immunoglobulins, cells, nutrients, and other substances from maternal blood to the epithelium and embryo from Days 6 to 8 of pregnancy, ... More
Intracellular delivery of proteins with a new lipid-mediated delivery system.
AuthorsZelphati O, Wang Y, Kitada S, Reed JC, Felgner PL, Corbeil J
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID11447231
'There are many very effective methods to introduce transcriptionally active DNA into viable cells but approaches to deliver functional proteins are limited. We have developed a lipid-mediated delivery system that can deliver functional proteins or other bioactive molecules into living cells. This delivery system is composed of a new trifluoroacetylated ... More
Trafficking of Shigella lipopolysaccharide in polarized intestinal epithelial cells.
'Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at the apical surface of polarized intestinal epithelial cells was previously shown to be transported from the apical to the basolateral pole of the epithelium (Beatty, W.L., and P.J. Sansonetti. 1997. Infect. Immun. 65:4395-4404). The present study was designed to elucidate the transcytotic pathway of LPS and ... More
Aspirin inhibits in vitro maturation and in vivo immunostimulatory function of murine myeloid dendritic cells.
'Aspirin is the most commonly used analgesic and antiinflammatory agent. In this study, at physiological concentrations, it profoundly inhibited CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class II expression on murine, GM-CSF + IL-4 stimulated, bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells (DC). CD11c and MHC class I expression were unaffected. The inhibitory action ... More
Preparation of fluorescent derivatives of lipases and their use in fluorescence energy transfer studies in hydrocarbon/water interfaces.
AuthorsRoberts GA, Tombs MP
JournalBiochim Biophys Acta
PubMed ID3113482
'Fluorescein isothiocyanate reacted with a chromobacter and pseudomonad lipase to yield mono-substituted, fully active, enzymes. With the carbocyanine dye 1,1''-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'',3''-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) in the non-aqueous phase, fluorescence energy transfer was used to follow the lipase and similarly labelled model proteins in and out of the interface in heptane, and heptane/di-O-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol ... More
SPARC is a VCAM-1 counter-ligand that mediates leukocyte transmigration.
AuthorsKelly KA, Allport JR, Yu AM, Sinh S, Sage EH, Gerszten RE, Weissleder R,
JournalJ Leukoc Biol
PubMed ID17178915
'VCAM-1 is a cell surface molecule, which has been shown to mediate leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium and subsequent transmigration. Although VCAM-1 regulates adhesion through its interaction with VLA-4, VLA-4 does not play a role in VCAM-1-dependent diapedesis, an observation suggesting the presence of a second ligand for VCAM-1. We ... More
A flow microsphere inhibition immunoassay (FMII) for detecting paratope binding anti-idiotypic antibodies.
AuthorsBrown JE, Ainsworth AJ
JournalImmunol Invest
PubMed ID1428024
'A simple, rapid and reproducible flow microsphere inhibition immunoassay (FMII) has been developed to detect the ability of paratope specific anti-idiotypic antibody (anti-Id or AB2) to inhibit antigen binding to the corresponding paratope of the Id (AB1). To evaluate the FMII as a measurement of paratope binding anti-Id, an avian ... More
Flux measurement in single cells by fluorescence microphotolysis.
AuthorsPeters R
JournalEur Biophys J
PubMed ID6432522
'Fluorescence microphotolysis--widely employed for diffusion studies--can be used to measure transfer (flux) of fluorescent solutes through membranes in single cells and organelles. This article analyses the methodological basis of flux measurements, provides experimental tests, and discusses potential applications. The principle of the method is to equilibrate cells, organelles or vesicles ... More
Role of actin in the responses of adrenal cells to ACTH and cyclic AMP: inhibition by DNase I.
AuthorsOsawa S, Betz G, Hall PF
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID6090470
'Erythrocyte ghosts were loaded with pancreatic DNase I and fused with Y-1 adrenal tumor cells to test the possibility that this enzyme might inhibit the steroidogenic responses of the cells to ACTH and cyclic AMP. Fusion of erythrocyte ghosts loaded with DNase I, but not those containing albumin, ovalbumin, boiled ... More
Endocytosis of folate-protein conjugates: ultrastructural localization in KB cells.
AuthorsTurek JJ, Leamon CP, Low PS
JournalJ Cell Sci
PubMed ID8270640
'It has been demonstrated that proteins covalently conjugated to folic acid may be taken up by cells via endocytosis after binding to a folate binding protein (FBP) in the cell membrane. The proteins taken up in this manner remain catalytically active and they may modify physiological processes occurring in the ... More
Transport of the cationic fluorochrome rhodamine 123 in an insect's Malpighian tubule: indications of a reabsorptive function of the secondary cell type.
AuthorsMeulemans W, De Loof A
JournalJ Cell Sci
PubMed ID1629249
'The pathway of rhodamine 123 was examined after injection into Sarcophaga flies and after in vitro labeling of the Malpighian tubules. After in vitro labeling the primary cells only retained this potential-sensitive dye for a short period while all secondary cells accumulated the dye from the tubule lumen. In vivo ... More
Different fates of phagocytosed particles after delivery into macrophage lysosomes.
AuthorsOh YK, Swanson JA
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID8647890
'Phagocytosis in macrophages is often studied using inert polymer microspheres. An implicit assumption in these studies is that such particles contain little or no specific information in their structure that affects their intracellular fate. We tested that assumption by examining macrophage phagosomes containing different kinds of particles and found that ... More
Glomerular endothelial glycocalyx constitutes a barrier to protein permeability.
AuthorsSingh A, Satchell SC, Neal CR, McKenzie EA, Tooke JE, Mathieson PW,
JournalJ Am Soc Nephrol
PubMed ID17942961
'Glycocalyx, composed of glycoproteins including proteoglycans, coats the luminal surface of the glomerular capillaries. Human heparanase degrades heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycans and is up-regulated in proteinuric states. In this study, we analyze the structure of the human glomerular endothelial cell glycocalyx in vitro and examine its functional relevance, especially after treatment ... More
Diffusional transport of macromolecules in developing nerve processes.
AuthorsPopov S, Poo MM
JournalJ Neurosci
PubMed ID1370324
'Passive transport of macromolecules in growing nerve processes was analyzed quantitatively by measuring the rate of diffusion of fluorescently labeled molecules injected into the soma of cultured Xenopus neurons. We found that the diffusion of globular proteins in the neurite''s cytoplasm was about five times slower than that in aqueous ... More
Microtubule dynamics in living dividing plant cells: confocal imaging of microinjected fluorescent brain tubulin.
AuthorsZhang D, Wadsworth P, Hepler PK
JournalProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PubMed ID11607116
'Carboxyfluorescein-labeled brain tubulin has been microinjected into stamen hair cells of Tradescantia, and its distribution during mitosis and cytokinesis was examined using confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. The results show that brain tubulin incorporates into plant microtubules and is utilized throughout mitosis and cytokinesis. Microtubule structures that incorporate brain tubulin ... More
Fluorometric determination of bacterial protease activity using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled proteins as substrates.
AuthorsHomer KA, Beighton D
JournalAnal Biochem
PubMed ID2127659
'Intact fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled proteins have relatively low background fluorescence at excitation and emission wavelengths of 495 and 525 nm, respectively. Degradation of these substrates leads to exposure of covalently linked fluorescein isothiocyanate molecules and to a concomitant increase in relative fluorescence at these wavelengths. The increase in relative fluorescence is ... More
A quantitative study of electroporation showing a plateau in net molecular transport.
AuthorsPrausnitz MR, Lau BS, Milano CD, Conner S, Langer R, Weaver JC
JournalBiophys J
PubMed ID7690262
'Electroporation is believed to involve a temporary structural rearrangement of lipid bilayer membranes, which results in ion and molecular transport across the membrane. The results of a quantitative study of molecular transport due to electroporation caused by a single exponential pulse are presented; transport of four molecules of different physical ... More
An improved method for studying microvascular geometry using fluorescent dyes: preventing dye extravasation, preserving dye integrity and enhancing tissue morphometry.
AuthorsFarrelly CA, Snyder GK
JournalBiotech Histochem
PubMed ID8494951
'A procedure for stabilizing fluorescent markers used to study the microvascular geometry and morphometry of muscle tissue is described. The procedure involves fluorescent labeling of plasma, fixation of muscle tissue in 10% buffered formalin, and quick freezing. This procedure prevents extravasation of the fluorescent dyes out of the capillaries as ... More
Differential expression and sequence-specific interaction of karyopherin alpha with nuclear localization sequences.
'The process of nuclear protein transport requires the interaction of several different proteins, either directly or indirectly with nuclear localization or targeting sequences (NLS). Recently, a number of karyopherins alpha, or NLS-binding proteins, have been identified. We have found that the karyopherins hSRP1 and hSRP1alpha are differentially expressed in various ... More
Spatial and temporal imaging of gas phase protein and DNA produced by matrix-assisted laser desorption.
AuthorsHeise TW, Yeung ES
JournalAnal Chem
PubMed ID8135376
'The sensitivity of a transient imaging technique based on laser-excited fluorescence is shown to be within the levels required for studying matrix-assisted laser-desorption (MALD) of large biomolecules. Results show that film morphology, particularly film thickness, has a major influence on plume dynamics. Fluorescent labeling of protein and of DNA is ... More
Myoblast-mediated fusion-injection: a new technique for introduction of macromolecules specifically into living skeletal muscle cells.
AuthorsMatsuda R, Noro N, Ichimura T
JournalExp Cell Res
PubMed ID3288488
'A new technique for the introduction of macromolecules specifically into living skeletal muscle cells has been developed by a modification of the red blood cell ghost-mediated fusion-injection technique [M. Furusawa (1980) Int. Rev. Cytol. 62, 29-67]. Fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) was introduced into chicken skeletal muscle myoblasts by the ... More
Entrapment of DNA and fluorescent compounds in erythrocyte carriers by endocytosis.
AuthorsIhler MG
JournalBibl Haematol
PubMed ID4004755
Energy-transfer immunoassay: a study of the experimental parameters in an assay for human serum albumin.
AuthorsLim CS, Miller JN, Bridges JW
JournalAnal Biochem
PubMed ID7457855
Solvent perturbation of the fluorescence of fluorescyl ligand bound to specific antibody. Fluorescence enhancement of antibody bound fluorescein (hapten) in deuterium oxide.
AuthorsVoss EW, Watt RM, Weber G
JournalMol Immunol
PubMed ID7393237
Convection and diffusion measurements using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and video image analysis: in vitro calibration and assessment.
AuthorsJain RK, Stock RJ, Chary SR, Rueter M
JournalMicrovasc Res
PubMed ID2314308
Partial elucidation of an anti-hapten repertoire in BALB/c mice: comparative characterization of several monoclonal anti-fluorescyl antibodies.
AuthorsKranz DM, Voss EW
JournalMol Immunol
PubMed ID7335083
Calcium and calmodulin in the regulation of the microtubular cytoskeleton.
AuthorsKeith CH, Bajer AS, Ratan R, Maxfield FR, Shelanski ML
JournalAnn N Y Acad Sci
PubMed ID3524372
Insulin staining of ES cell progeny from insulin uptake.
AuthorsRajagopal J, Anderson WJ, Kume S, Martinez OI, Melton DA
JournalScience
PubMed ID12532008
In vivo visualization of oxygen radical-dependent photoemission.
AuthorsTsuchiya M, Suematsu M, Suzuki H
JournalMethods Enzymol
PubMed ID8015451
The use of microinjection and video microscopy for the study of calmodulin and calcium in living cells.
AuthorsShelanski M, Ratan R
JournalMethods Enzymol
PubMed ID3587048
Developmental changes in the lateral diffusion of Leydig cell membranes measured by the FRAP method.
AuthorsZlatanov IV, Foley M, Birmingham J, Garland PB
JournalFEBS Lett
PubMed ID3653400
A simple method for isolation and fluorescence labelling of Leydig cells (L-cells) from rat testes was developed. Lateral diffusion coefficients of both lipid and protein membrane fluorescent probes were measured by the method of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Age-dependent changes in diffusibility of membrane lipids and proteins were discovered. ... More
Visualization of fluorescent erythrocytes in the microcirculation.
AuthorsTsang HC, Granger HJ, Ihler GM
JournalExp Hematol
PubMed ID4043261
Erythrocytes loaded internally with FITC-BSA can be readily visualized in the microcirculation by using a television camera and a fluorescence microscope. Flow properties of the erythrocytes and their adherence to the vascular endothelium or erythrophagocytic cells can be observed. This procedure should also be useful to delineate the microcirculation under ... More
Proteolytic activity of oral streptococci.
AuthorsHomer KA, Whiley RA, Beighton D
JournalFEMS Microbiol Lett
PubMed ID2182385
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were the least proteolytic of 8 species of oral streptococci while Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus sanguis were the most proteolytic. Degradation of FITC-BSA was significantly correlated with the hydrolysis of synthetic endopeptidase substrates. As S. oralis strains proliferate in dental plaque in the absence of ... More
Uptake and metabolism of a fluorescent sulfatide analogue in cultured skin fibroblasts.
AuthorsMonti E, Preti A, Novati A, Aleo MF, Clemente ML, Marchesini S
JournalBiochim Biophys Acta
PubMed ID1543730
The sulfatide fluorescent analogue N-lissamine rhodaminyl-(12-aminododecanoyl) cerebroside 3-sulfate was administered in the form of albumin complex to normal human skin fibroblasts and its metabolic fate was investigated. Ceramide, galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide, sphingomyelin and free acid, all containing the fluorophore lissamine rhodamine, have been synthesized as reference standards for the identification of ... More
Early endosome membrane dynamics characterized by flow cytometry.
AuthorsChavrier P, van der Sluijs P, Mishal Z, Nagelkerken B, Gorvel JP
JournalCytometry
PubMed ID9298810
Early endosomes are very dynamic intracellular membrane organelles that undergo multiple fusion and fission events. In this study, we developed a novel assay based on multiparametric flow cytometric analyses and early endosome sorting to characterize better the mechanisms of early endosome membrane dynamics in vitro. In particular, we have investigated ... More
Electropore diameters, lifetimes, numbers, and locations in individual erythrocyte ghosts.
AuthorsSowers AE, Lieber MR
JournalFEBS Lett
PubMed ID3743774
Low light level video microscopy was used to study the diameter, lifetime, number, and location characteristics of electric field-induced pores (electropores) in erythrocyte ghosts. The diameter of electropores was probed by following the efflux of soluble fluorescent-tagged molecules out of the resealed ghost cytoplasmic compartments. After reaching a peak radius ... More
Tau protein function in living cells.
AuthorsDrubin DG, Kirschner MW
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID3098742
Tau protein from mammalian brain promotes microtubule polymerization in vitro and is induced during nerve cell differentiation. However, the effects of tau or any other microtubule-associated protein on tubulin assembly within cells are presently unknown. We have tested tau protein activity in vivo by microinjection into a cell type that ... More
p38 MAPK activation coupled to endocytosis is a determinant of endothelial monolayer integrity.
AuthorsSiddiqui SS, Siddiqui ZK, Uddin S, Minshall RD, Malik AB,
JournalAm J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
PubMed ID16891390
We show in rat lung microvessel endothelial cells (RLMVEC) that endocytosis is a critical determinant of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and thereby regulates endothelial monolayer integrity. In RLMVEC grown in serum-free medium, we observed that albumin supplementation induced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK within 30 min, which persisted ... More
A contiguous compartment functions as endoplasmic reticulum and endosome/lysosome in Giardia lamblia.
AuthorsAbodeely M, DuBois KN, Hehl A, Stefanic S, Sajid M, DeSouza W, Attias M, Engel JC, Hsieh I, Fetter RD, McKerrow JH,
JournalEukaryot Cell
PubMed ID19749174
The dynamic evolution of organelle compartmentalization in eukaryotes and how strictly compartmentalization is maintained are matters of ongoing debate. While the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is classically envisioned as the site of protein cotranslational translocation, it has recently been proposed to have pluripotent functions. Using transfected reporter constructs, organelle-specific markers, and ... More
Fluorescent triplet probes for measuring the rotational diffusion of membrane proteins.
AuthorsJohnson P, Garland PB
JournalBiochem J
PubMed ID7103944
We have previously described a method for measuring the rotational diffusion of membrane proteins by using fluorescent triplet probes [Johnson & Garland (1981) FEBS Lett. 135, 252-256]. We now describe the criteria by which the suitability of such probes may be judged. In general, the greatest sensitivity is achievable with ... More
Analysis of degradation of proteins labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate by Sephadex G-25 affinity chromatography.
AuthorsOhshita T, Katunuma N
JournalAnal Biochem
PubMed ID1519769
Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) has strong affinity to Sephadex G-25 gel. Amino acids labeled with FITC were found to have affinity to the gel, their elution from a Sephadex G-25 column being markedly retarded. On the other hand, proteins labeled with FITC had no affinity to the gel and were eluted ... More
Diffusion of injected macromolecules within the cytoplasm of living cells.
AuthorsWojcieszyn JW, Schlegel RA, Wu ES, Jacobson KA
JournalProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PubMed ID6945591
The diffusion of macromolecules introduced into the cytoplasm of human fibroblasts by erythrocyte-mediated microinjection was measured by the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique. The apparent diffusion coefficients for fluorescein-labeled IgG and fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin were approximately 10(-8) cm2/sec at 22 degrees C, consistent with the kinetics of spreading of ... More
Three-color fluorescence measurements on single cells excited at three laser wavelengths.
AuthorsSteinkamp JA, Stewart CC, Crissman HA
JournalCytometry
PubMed ID7056131
A three-laser flow cytometer for quantitative analysis and sorting of cells and microscopic particles has been developed and evaluated using argon- and krypton-ion lasers as excitation sources. Cells stained with three fluorescent dyes having different excitation spectra enter a flow chamber where they first pass through an electronic volume sensor ... More
Nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of the focal contact protein, zyxin: a potential mechanism for communication between sites of cell adhesion and the nucleus.
AuthorsNix DA, Beckerle MC
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID9281590
Integrin-dependent cell adhesion to specific extracellular matrix molecules has been demonstrated to trigger dramatic changes in gene expression that can affect cell fate. However, little is understood about the molecular mechanism by which events at sites of cell- substratum adhesion are communicated to the cell interior to regulate the transcriptional ... More
Increased sensitivity of heterogeneous fluoroimmunoassays employing fluorescein-labeled antibodies by simple treatment of the wells with glycerin solution.
AuthorsPetrou PS, Georgiou S, Christofidis I, Kakabakos SE
JournalJ Immunol Methods
PubMed ID12133634
Here we present a simple and rapid procedure that enhances and stabilizes the fluorescence signal determined directly onto the solid phase and increases the sensitivity of heterogeneous fluoroimmunoassays which employ fluorescein as label. The evaluation of the proposed procedure was performed through a heterogeneous immunofluorimetric assay for mouse gamma-globulins in ... More
Absorption of intact albumin across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers.
AuthorsKim KJ, Matsukawa Y, Yamahara H, Kalra VK, Lee VH, Crandall ED
JournalAm J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
PubMed ID12573985
Transport characteristics of intact albumin were investigated using primary cultured rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. The apical-to-basolateral (ab) flux of intact fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled albumin (F-Alb) is greater than basolateral-to-apical (ba) flux at the same upstream [F-Alb]. Net absorption of intact F-Alb occurs with half-maximal concentration of approximately 1.6 microM ... More
Leakage responses to L-NAME differ with the fluorescent dye used to label albumin.
AuthorsRumbaut RE, Harris NR, Sial AJ, Huxley VH, Granger DN
JournalAm J Physiol
PubMed ID9887048
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors have been reported to increase as well as to decrease microvascular transport of macromolecules in a variety of models. This study was performed to determine whether the influence of NOS inhibition on albumin leakage was dependent on the fluorescent dyes used to label albumin. Albumin ... More
Studies on the mechanism of polyethylene glycol-mediated cell fusion using fluorescent membrane and cytoplasmic probes.
AuthorsWojcieszyn JW, Schlegel RA, Lumley-Sapanski K, Jacobson KA
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID6826645
The mechanism by which polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediates cell fusion has been studied by examining the movements of membrane lipids and proteins, as well as cytoplasmic markers, from erythrocytes to monolayers of cultured cells to which they have been fused. Fluorescence and freeze-fracture electron microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching ... More
Asymmetric retraction of growth cone filopodia following focal inactivation of calcineurin.
AuthorsChang HY, Takei K, Sydor AM, Born T, Rusnak F, Jay DG
JournalNature
PubMed ID7544441
The neuronal growth cone is thought to be the site of decision making in nerve growth and guidance. One likely mechanism of how the growth cone translates various extracellular cues into directed motility involves rises in intracellular calcium. A variety of physiological cues, such as adhesion molecules and neurotransmitters, increases ... More
Leakiness of rat brain microvessels to fluorescent probes following craniotomy.
AuthorsOlesen SP
JournalActa Physiol Scand
PubMed ID3109211
The effects of craniotomy and/or histamine treatment upon brain microvascular permeability was studied in Wistar rats. Extravasation of circulating Na-fluorescein (MW 376) and of FITC-albumin (MW 69,000) was observed through a cranial window using intravital fluorescence microscopy. Simple exposure of the pial microvessels induced formation of discrete spots of fluorescent ... More
Fluorescence polarization of six membrane probes in embryonal carcinoma cells after differentiation as measured on a FACS II cell sorter.
AuthorsSchaap GH, de Josselin de Jong JE, Jongkind JF
JournalCytometry
PubMed ID6201328
Fluorescence polarization measurements on a FACS II cell sorter were compared with static measurements on a spectrofluorimeter using calibration solutions and Hoechst 33258-labeled cells. For the flow cytometric measurements on the FACS we used a pseudodepolarizer for normalization of the output of the two photomultipliers. The results showed that fluorescein ... More
Molecular dissection of zyxin function reveals its involvement in cell motility.
AuthorsDrees BE, Andrews KM, Beckerle MC
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID10613911
Spatially controlled actin filament assembly is critical for numerous processes, including the vectorial cell migration required for wound healing, cell- mediated immunity, and embryogenesis. One protein implicated in the regulation of actin assembly is zyxin, a protein concentrated at sites where the fast growing ends of actin filaments are enriched. ... More
In vitro measurement and screening of monoclonal antibody affinity using fluorescence photobleaching.
AuthorsKaufman EN, Jain RK
JournalJ Immunol Methods
PubMed ID1383343
Antibody screening is a routine in vitro assay in monoclonal antibody development and production. We have recently adapted the fluorescence photobleaching method to quantify antibody mass transport and binding parameters in bulk solution (Kaufman and Jain, 1990, 1991). The present study uses this in vitro method to screen a series ... More
An increase or a decrease in myosin II phosphorylation inhibits macrophage motility.
AuthorsWilson AK, Gorgas G, Claypool WD, de Lanerolle P
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID2071674
Myosin II purified from mammalian non-muscle cells is phosphorylated on the 20-kD light chain subunit (MLC20) by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent enzyme myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). The importance of MLC20 phosphorylation in regulating cell motility was investigated by introducing either antibodies to MLCK (MK-Ab) or a Ca2+/calmodulin-independent, constitutively active form of ... More
Calreticulin Is a receptor for nuclear export.
AuthorsHolaska JM, Black BE, Love DC, Hanover JA, Leszyk J, Paschal BM
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID11149926
In previous work, we used a permeabilized cell assay that reconstitutes nuclear export of protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) to show that cytosol contains an export activity that is distinct from Crm1 (Holaska, J.M., and B.M. Paschal. 1995. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95: 14739-14744). Here, we describe the purification and ... More
Low-efficiency (macro-)pinocytic internalization of non-pathogenic Escherichia coli into HEp-2 cells.
AuthorsSinai AP, Hayes SF, Small PL, Bavoil PM
JournalRes Microbiol
PubMed ID8584786
HEp-2 cells internalize non-pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria by a low-efficiency internalization mechanism which is upregulated in Pho-derepressed strains (as shown by Sinai and Bavoil in 1993), and is independent of microfilament integrity but requires functional microtubules. Here, we further characterize the microtubule requirement of this pathway using various effectors of ... More
Migration of nerve growth cones requires detergent-resistant membranes in a spatially defined and substrate-dependent manner.
AuthorsNakai Y, Kamiguchi H
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID12499360
Motility of nerve growth cones (GCs) is regulated by region-specific activities of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). CAM activities could be modified by their localization to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), specialized microdomains enriched in signaling molecules. This paper deals with a question of whether DRMs are involved in GC migration stimulated by ... More
Tubulin dynamics in cultured mammalian cells.
AuthorsSaxton WM, Stemple DL, Leslie RJ, Salmon ED, Zavortink M, McIntosh JR
JournalJ Cell Biol
PubMed ID6501419
Bovine neurotubulin has been labeled with dichlorotriazinyl-aminofluorescein (DTAF-tubulin) and microinjected into cultured mammalian cells strains PTK1 and BSC. The fibrous, fluorescence patterns that developed in the microinjected cells were almost indistinguishable from the pattern of microtubules seen in the same cells by indirect immunofluorescence. DTAF-tubulin participated in the formation of ... More
Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of macrophage-mediated antigen processing.
AuthorsFrench T, So PT, Weaver DJ, Coelho-Sampaio T, Gratton E, Voss EW, Carrero J
JournalJ Microsc
PubMed ID9134740
Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy was used noninvasively to monitor a fluorescent antigen during macrophage-mediated endocytosis, intracellular vacuolar encapsulation, and protease-dependent processing. Fluorescein-conjugated bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) served as the soluble exogenous antigen. As a relatively nonfluorescent probe in the native state, the antigen was designed to reflect sequential intracellular ... More
Investigation on the release of fluorescent markers from w/o/w emulsions by fluorescence-activated cell sorter.
AuthorsHai M, Magdassi S
JournalJ Control Release
PubMed ID15120896
The mechanism of release of two fluorescent markers, fluorescein isothiocyanate-bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) and fluorescein, from water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions was investigated using a rapid and sensitive method based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The release of FITC-BSA from a w/o/w emulsion was controlled by diffusion rather than by simple breakdown ... More
Sugar-specific endocytosis of glycoproteins by Lewis lung carcinoma cells.
AuthorsRoche AC, Barzilay M, Midoux P, Junqua S, Sharon N, Monsigny M
JournalJ Cell Biochem
PubMed ID6668306
Lewis lung carcinoma cells from tumors, metastasis nodules, or from culture bind fluorescent derivatives of neoglycoproteins containing alpha-D-glucose residues: This binding is competitively inhibited by neoglycoproteins containing alpha-D-glucose, by mannan, and by several other neoglycoproteins. Cell binding and uptake of the fluorescent derivatives of the neoglycoproteins was quantified by lysing ... More
A post-lysosomal compartment in Dictyostelium discoideum.
AuthorsPadh H, Ha J, Lavasa M, Steck TL
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID7681066
Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran and pyranine were fed to the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum. These membrane-impermeable, pH-sensitive fluorophores initially entered a approximately equal to neutral endocytic compartment. They encountered maximal acidity (pH approximately equal to 5) about 15 min after ingestion, in what appeared to be digestive vacuoles (lysosomes). The environment ... More
Vascular permeability increase as induced by histamine or bradykinin is enhanced by advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs).
AuthorsSvensjö E, Cyrino F, Michoud E, Ruggiero D, Bouskela E, Wiernsperger N
JournalJ Diabetes Complications
PubMed ID10616857
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) may enhance vascular permeability in diabetic subjects. To test this hypothesis, AGEs were prepared in the presence of albumin (AGE-Alb). Control albumin (Alb) and AGE-Alb were then labeled with FITC (fluoresceinisothiocyanate) and injected i.v. into anesthetized hamsters at a dose of 7 mg/100 g B.W. Normal ... More
Early microcirculatory derangement in mild and severe pancreatitis models in mice.
AuthorsChen HM, Sunamura M, Shibuya K, Yamauchi JI, Sakai Y, Fukuyama S, Mikami Y, Takeda K, Matsuno S
JournalSurg Today
PubMed ID11495159
An in vivo microscopic technique was used to clarify the increase in microvascular permeability and enhanced leukocyte-endothelium interaction of pancreatic microcirculation in experimental pancreatitis of differing severity. Using bovine albumin fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDASE) as tracers, the change in permeability and the behavior of leukocytes ... More
All four homochiral enantiomers of a nuclear localization sequence derived from c-Myc serve as functional import signals.
AuthorsSaphire AC, Bark SJ, Gerace L
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID9792690
The information that targets a protein to the nucleus often consists of a short cluster of basic amino acids called a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). Since a wide range of sequences rich in basic amino acid residues function as NLSs, we postulated that an NLS-like sequence composed exclusively of D-amino ... More
Confocal imaging of rat lungs following intratracheal delivery of dry powders or solutions of fluorescent probes.
AuthorsLombry C, Bosquillon C, Préat V, Vanbever R
JournalJ Control Release
PubMed ID12387942
The overall pulmonary disposition of various fluorescent probes was viewed by confocal imaging following intratracheal delivery in the rat in vivo. The green fluorescent dyes, coumarin-6, a 350 Da lipophilic molecule; calcein, a 623 Da hydrophilic molecule; or FITC-albumin, a 65000 Da hydrophilic molecule; were insufflated as a dry powder ... More
Agkistin, a snake venom-derived glycoprotein Ib antagonist, disrupts von Willebrand factor-endothelial cell interaction and inhibits angiogenesis.
AuthorsYeh CH, Wang WC, Hsieh TT, Huang TF
JournalJ Biol Chem
PubMed ID10779501
Glycoprotein (GP) Ib, an adhesion receptor expressed on both platelets and endothelial cells, mediates the binding of von Willebrand factor (vWF). Platelet GPIb plays an important role in platelet adhesion and activation, whereas the interaction of vWF and endothelial GPIb is not fully understood. We report here that agkistin, a ... More
Ethanol modulates coronary permeability to macromolecules in murine AIDS.
AuthorsChen Y, Davis-Gorman G, Watson RR, McDonagh PF
JournalAlcohol Alcohol
PubMed ID12414546
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The cardiovascular complications of AIDS are serious. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Less is known about how ethanol affects the coronary microcirculation in individuals with AIDS. The aim of this study was to assess the integrity of the coronary microcirculation in murine AIDS mice in ... More
COMP-angiopoietin-1 promotes wound healing through enhanced angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and blood flow in a diabetic mouse model.
AuthorsCho CH, Sung HK, Kim KT, Cheon HG, Oh GT, Hong HJ, Yoo OJ, Koh GY
JournalProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PubMed ID16543381
Microvascular dysfunction is a major cause of impaired wound healing seen in diabetic patients. Therefore, reestablishment of structural and functional microvasculature could be beneficial to promote wound healing in these patients. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is a specific growth factor functioning to generate a stable and functional vasculature through the Tie2 and ... More
Differential phototoxicity of fluorescent dye-labeled albumin conjugates.
AuthorsRumbaut RE, Sial AJ
JournalMicrocirculation
PubMed ID10501094
OBJECTIVE: Fluorescent dyes are commonly used as probes for assessment of macromolecular permeability. Despite numerous examples of light-dye induced toxicity in the microvasculature, little is known regarding the relative phototoxicity of commonly used fluorescent conjugates. We, therefore, compared the phototoxicity of four fluorescent conjugates of bovine serum albumin (BSA) available ... More