I would like a dye to load in live cells such that it will self-quench at a high concentration, but if the cell dies, the dye will be released and unquenched. Do you have anything like that?
Yes. This is commonly done with calcein AM or FDA (fluorescein diacetate). These dyes will not fluoresce until cleaved by esterases. After modification by esterases and at very high concentrations, they will self-quench. Upon disruption of the plasma membrane, or cell death, the dye will be released into the extracellular medium, and become unquenched. Concentration and incubation time must be optimized to obtain adequate quenching.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
I need to load liposomes with calcein. Should I use the AM form or the non-AM form?
Calcein, AM requires esterase cleavage of the acetoxymethyl (AM) ester to become fluorescent. Liposomes don't have esterases unless specifically constructed to include the enzyme. The water-soluble, non-AM form of calcein (Cat. No. C481), does not require esterase cleavage to be fluorescent.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
I want to do a cell migration study for around 4 hours and need to fluorescently label the cells with a dye. What do you recommend?
Calcein, AM and FDA (fluorescein diaceate) are examples of some dyes used for this application. Since these dyes are not incorporated or covalently attached to any cellular components, they may have a short retention time as some cell types may actively efflux the dye out of the cells. The CellTracker and CellTrace dyes include either a mild thiol-reactive chloromethyl group or amine-reactive succinnimidyl ester group to allow for covalent binding to cellular components, providing for better retention. As with any reagent, one should empirically determine retention times for the cell type used.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
I am doing a Live/Dead assay using Calcein, AM, for live cells and ethidium homodimer-1 for dead cells. Can I fix the cells after labeling and retain the staining?
This is not recommended. Neither Calcein nor ethidium homodimer-1 bind to any cellular components upon fixation. There is no guarantee that the dyes will be retained upon fixation or any subsequent wash steps. We recommend scoring for live and dead cells as soon as possible after staining.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.
I need a general cytoplasmic stain that does not overlap with the GFP in my cells. What do you recommend?
Calcein AM, a green dye, is typically used as a general cytoplasmic stain, but not recommended with GFP-positive cells. For GFP-expressing cells there are other colors available: Calcein Blue AM, Calcein Violet AM, and Calcein Red-Orange AM. The retention time of these dyes in live cells is dependent upon the inherent properties of the cell.
Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Cell Analysis Support Center.