ACTB, ATF2, ATF4, B2M, BTK, CD14, CHUK, CREB1, CREB3, CREB3L4, ECSIT, HMBS, IKBKB, IKBKE, IKBKG, IL1RL1, IRAK1, IRAK2, IRAK3, IRAK4, IRF3, IRF7, IRF8, JUN, LBP, LY96, MAP2K3, MAP2K6, MAP2K7, MAP3K3, MAP3K7, MAP3K7IP1, MAP3K7IP2, MAPK10, MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13, MAPK14, MAPK8, MAPK9, MYD88, NFKB1, NFKB2, NFKBIA, NFKBIB, ...NFKBIE, PGK1, PIK3C2A, PIK3C2B, PIK3C2G, PIK3C3, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3R1, PIK3R2, PIK3R3, PIK3R4, PIK3R5, PPIA, RAC1, REL, RELA, RELB, RIPK1, RIPK2, RIPK3, RNF216, RPLP0, SIGIRR, TANK, TBK1, TBP, TFRC, TICAM1, TICAM2, TIRAP, TLR1, TLR10, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TOLLIP, TRAF6, UBC, UBE2N, YWHAZ
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TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are transmembrane proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system, which recognize invading microbes and activate signaling pathways that launch immune and inflammatory responses to destroy the invaders. Toll receptors w ...ere first identified in Drosophila. In humans, the TLRs family includes ten proteins (TLR1? TLR10). Mammalian TLRs consist of an extracellular portion containing Leucine-rich repeats, a Transmembrane region and a Cytoplasmic tail, called the TIR (Toll-IL-1R (Interleukin-1-Receptor)) homology domain. Different TLRs serve as receptors for diverse ligands, including Bacterial cell wall components, viral double-stranded RNA and small-molecule antiviral or immunomodulatory compounds. Activation of TLRs occurs after binding of the cognate ligand. Upon activation, TLRs activates two major signaling pathways. The core pathway activated by most TLRs leads to activation of the transcription factor NF-KappaB (Nuclear Factor-KappaB) and the MAPKs (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) p38 and JNK (c-Jun Kinase). The second pathway is activated by TLR3 (Toll-Like Receptor-3) and TLR4 (Toll-Like Receptor-4) and leads to activation of both NF-KappaB and another transcription factor IRF3 (Interferon Regulatory Factor-3), allowing for an additional set of genes to be induced, including antiviral genes such as Ifn-Beta (Interferon-Beta). In this way, TLRs can tailor the innate response to pathogens. TLRs that recognize nucleic acids signal from endosomes, whereas cell-surface TLRs sense lipids and proteins. Plasma membrane localized TLRs include TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 and TLR10. Endosomal TLRs include TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9.
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