AKT1, ARAF, BAD, BRAF, CBL, CRK, EEF2, EEF2K, EIF2B1, EIF2B4, EIF2B5, EIF4A1, EIF4E, EIF4EBP1, EIF4EBP2, EIF4G1, EIF4G2, ELK1, ELK3, FLOT1, FLOT2, FOS, FOXO3, FRAP1, FYN, GRB10, GRB2, GSK3A, GSK3B, GYS1, HRAS, IGF1, IGF2,INS-IGF2, INS, INSR, INSRR, IRS1, JUN, KRAS, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP2K3, MAP2K4, MAP2K5, MAP2K6, MAPK1,... MAPK10, MAPK12, MAPK3, MAPK6, MAPK7, MAPK8, MAPK9, NCK1, NRAS, PDPK1, PIK3C2A, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3R1, PIK3R2, PPP1R12A, PPP1R15A, PPP1R1B, PPP1R8, PRKCA, PRKCB, PRKCD, PRKCE, PRKCQ, PRKCZ, RAB4A, RAC1, RAC2, RAC3, RAF1, RPS6, RPS6KB1, RRAS, RRAS2, SH2B2, SHC1, SHC3, SLC2A4, SOS1, TP53BP2, YWHAB, YWHAE, YWHAH, YWHAQ, YWHAZ
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Insulin is the major hormone controlling critical energy functions such as glucose and lipid metabolism. Insulin elicits a diverse array of biological responses by binding to its specific receptor. The Insulin receptor belongs to a subfamily of receptor t ...yrosine kinases that includes the IGF (Insulin-like Growth Factor) receptor and the IRR (Insulin Receptor-Related Receptor). These receptors are tetrameric proteins consisting of two alpha and two beta subunits that function as allosteric enzymes in which the alpha subunit inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of the beta subunit. Insulin has diverse effects on cells including stimulation of glucose transport, gene expression and alterations of cell morphology. The hormone mediates these effects by activation of signaling pathways which utilize, i) adaptor molecules such the IRS (Insulin Receptor Substrates), the SHC (Src and Collagen Homologues) and the GRB2 (Growth Factor Receptor Binding protein-2), ii) lipid kinases such as PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase), iii) small G-proteins like Rac, and iv) serine, threonine and tyrosine kinases.
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