ADCY3, ATF4, ATP2A1, ATP2A2, ATP2B1, ATP2C1, CACNA1C, CACNA1F, CACNA1G, CACNA1H, CACNA1S, CALM1, CALM2, CALM3, CAMK4, CD247, CD3E, CREB1, CREBBP, EGFR, EP300, ERBB2, GNA11, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3, GNAO1, GNAQ, GNAS, GNB1, GNB2, GNB3, GNG2, GRIN1, GRIN2B, GUCY2D, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC6, HRAS, HTR1A, HTR2A, HTR2C..., IGF1R, IL6, ITPR1, ITPR3, KDR, KIT, KRAS, MEF2A, MEF2C, MEF2D, NFAT5, NFATC1, NFATC2, NFATC3, NFATC4, NPR1, NPR2, NRAS, PLCB1, PLCB2, PLCB3, PLCD1, PLCE1, PLCG1, PLCG2, PPP3CA, PPP3R1, PRKCA, PRKCB, PRKCD, PRKCE, PRKCZ, QDPR, RRAS, RYR1, RYR2, SLC8A1, SLC9A1, SLC9A3, SRC, TGFB1, TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC6, TRPV1, TRPV6, VEGFA
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Despite tremendous diversities in their expression, cellular activities in virtually all cell types are regulated by common intracellular signaling systems, and calcium is one important ubiquitous intracellular messenger, controlling a diverse range of ce ...llular processes, such as gene transcription, muscle contraction and cell proliferation. In response to adequate stimuli, [Ca2+]i (Intracellular Ca2+ concentration) increases, oscillates and decreases, leading to the activation, modulation and termination of cell function. Numerous channels and pumps allow this particular cation to enter and exit cells and move between the cytosol and intracellular stores. When calcium signaling is stimulated in a cell, Ca2+ enters the cytoplasm from one of two general sources: it is released from intracellular stores, or it enters the cell across the plasma membrane. The mechanism of regulated Ca2+ entry in non-excitable cells is through a process known as capacitative Ca2+ entry or store-operated Ca2+ entry, in which the depletion of intracellular stores due to the action of IP3 (Inositol Trisphosphate) or other Ca2+-releasing signals activates a signaling pathway leading to the opening of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels. In excitable cells, the major pathway for Ca2+ influx is via highly Ca2+-selective VGCC (Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels). In skeletal muscle cells, an additional voltage-sensitive pathway is provided by DHPR (Dihydropyridine Receptors) that is physically coupled to RyR on the Sarco- and ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) membrane. Many Ligand-Gated Ionotropic Channels: NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), AMPA (Alpha-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazole Proprionate), Kainate, AchR (Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor), Serotonin (5HT3), and ATP (P2X) admit significant amounts of Ca2+ through its receptors. Store Operated Channels open in response to emptying of intracellular stores through the interaction with IP3 and its receptor (IP3R). CRAC (Ca2+-Release-Activated Ca2+ channel) is found in cells of the blood lineage and is highly Ca2+-selective. TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) which is subdivided into three groups TRPC, TRPV and TRPM are nonspecific cation channels.
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