CALB1, CDX2, CDYL, EOMES, ESX1, FOXC1, FOXD3, GATA4, GATA6, GBX2, GJD2, GRIN1, GSX2, HAND1, HESX1, HNF4A, HOXB1, ISL1, JARID2, LHX5, MEIS1, MYF5, MYST3, NANOG, NEUROD1, NEUROG1, ONECUT1, OTX1, PAX6, POU5F1, REST, RFX4, RIF1, SALL1, SET, SIX3, SKIL, SMARCAD1, SOX2, STAT3, TCF7L1, TRIM24, ZFHX3, ZIC3
Stem Cells are undifferentiated cells that can give rise to several lineages of differentiated cell types. They are the founder cells for every organ, tissue and cell in the body. Stem cells are characterized by the ability to self-renew and maintain plur ...ipotency. These features allow stem cells to fulfill their multiple functions, namely to provide enough cells during organogenesis, to control tissue homeostasis and, in addition, to ensure regeneration and repair. ESCs (Embryonic Stem Cells) are derived from the ICM (Inner Cell Mass) of the developing blastocysts, multicellular structures originating from four (human) to five (mouse) cleavages of fertilized oocytes. The outer layer of the blastocyst is named the trophectoderm and the cells inside are the ICM. The cells of the ICM are pluripotent stem cells that can give rise to all cell types of the three embryonic germ layers, i.e., ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, and the germ cell lineage. The recent derivation of human ESCs provides a unique opportunity to study early development and is thought to hold great promise for regenerative medicine. An understanding of the transcriptional regulatory circuitry that is responsible for pluripotency and self-renewal in human ES cells is fundamental to understanding human development and realizing the therapeutic potential of these cells. ESCs maintain their pluripotent state by expressing a battery of transcription factors including Oct4 (Octamer Binding Transcription Factor-4), SOX2 (SRY (Sex Determining Region Y) Box-2) and Nanog (Nanog Homeobox). Oct3/4, SOX2 and Nanog form a regulatory feedback circuit that maintains pluripotency in human and mouse ESCs; in this circuit, all three transcription factors regulate themselves, as well as each other. The regulatory circuit formed by Oct4, Nanog, and SOX2 have been identified to be essential to the ESC identity. Among transcriptionally inactive genes co-occupied by Oct4,SOX2,and Nanog, genes that specify transcription factors important for differentiation into extra-embryonic, endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal lineages (e.g.,ESX1L (Extraembryonic, Spermatogenesis, Homeobox-1 Homolog (Mouse)), HOXB1 (Homeobox-B1), HAND1 (Heart And Neural Crest Derivatives Expressed-1), MEIS1 (Meis Homeobox-1), PAX6 (Paired Box-6), LHX5 (LIM Homeobox-5), MYF5 (Myogenic Factor-5), ONECUT1 (One Cut Homeobox-1)) are the most common ones. Mapping Oct4, SOX2, and Nanog to their binding sites within known promoters has revealed that these regulators collaborate to form in ES cells regulatory circuitry consisting of specialized autoregulatory and feed forward loops. Functions of these transcription factors depend on the stage of development of a pluripotent cell, indicating that these factors function in combination with other processes.
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Supported Applied Biosystems Instruments
7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System
,
StepOnePlus™ System
,
ViiA™ 7 System
,
7900HT Real-Time PCR System
,
QuantStudio™ 12K Flex System
,
QuantStudio™ 7 Flex System
,
QuantStudio™ 6 Flex System
,
QuantStudio™ 5 System
,
QuantStudio™ 3 System