PageRuler™ Unstained Protein Ladder, 2 x 250 μL - FAQs

The upper bands of the ladder may be degraded by proteases. Ladder, gel, buffer, pipettes, pipette tips, or equipment can be contaminated by proteases during usage. A general recommendation would be to avoid working with proteases in the same room. We would recommend preparing fresh solutions, cleaning the equipment, and using clean pipettes and tips. If the ladder itself is contaminated, please use a new tube of the ladder.

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Additional bands can appear due to dithiothreitol (DTT) oxidation in the storage buffer. Please add newly prepared DTT solution to the final concentration of 100 mM and boil for 5 min at 95 degrees C. This should solve the issue. Addition of DTT is NOT recommended for prestained protein ladders, since too high a concentration of reducing agents can cause protein destaining.

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No, proteins in Thermo Scientific protein ladders are not His tagged. However, non-specific interaction between the ladder proteins and primary or secondary antibodies is possible and some His-Tag detection systems, such as Thermo Scientific 6xHis Protein Tag Stain Reagent Kit, show non-specific interaction. The protein ladder bands are more readily detected when using high antibody concentrations. The non-specific cross-reactivity is difficult to predict, it often has a different pattern dependent on the antibodies used in each individual experiment. The most general way to handle this problem would be to use lower concentrations of antibodies and to use lower amount of protein ladders. It may also be useful to leave one empty well between the ladder and the sample to overcome a possible leakage of the signal to the nearby sample lane.

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PageRuler Unstained protein ladders can be detected directly on Western blots by using Strep-Tactin conjugates or an antibody against the Strep-tag II sequence. All PageRuler and Spectra ladder proteins contain an integral Strep-tag II sequence, however the prestained ladders cannot be detected by Strep-Tactin conjugates.

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Protein ladder bands can sometimes be detected with chemiluminescent techniques due to non-specific interactions of ladder proteins with either primary or secondary antibodies (or with both). The ladder bands are only rarely detected by chromogenic substrates. The extremely high sensitivity of the chemiluminescent assays is needed to see the bands, so the actual degree of cross-reactivity is low. The non-specific cross-reactivity is difficult to predict, it often has a different pattern depending on the antibodies used. If antibodies recognize a linear epitope, the cross-reactivity may be due to sequence homology. If antibodies react with a denaturation-resistant conformational epitope it could be impossible to identify the exact reason for detected cross-reactivity. The most general way to handle this problem would be to use lower concentrations of antibodies.

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No. Thermo Scientific protein ladders contain a mix of recombinant prokaryotic proteins purified from E. coli cells. E. coli does not have native glycosylation pathways, so none of the ladder proteins are glycosylated.

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Thermo Scientific ladders are not designed for protein quantification. For quantification, we would recommend to use a protein of known concentration as a reference.

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Yes, PageRuler Prestained NIR Protein Ladder (Cat. No. 26635) contains proteins that are blue-stained and fluor-labeled for near-IR fluorescent visualization and protein sizing following electrophoresis.

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Protein ladders can be run on lower percentage gels than we recommend, however it should be expected that several bands of lower molecular weight proteins will run out of the gel if the gel is run until the dye front reaches the bottom of the gel. In case of shorter electrophoresis time it is also possible that some lower bands will not separate and will be covered by the dye front. In addition, lower molecular weight protein bands may look diffused. The lower percentage gels can be used in cases when the customer is interested in visualization of large proteins only.

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Most of the common gel running buffers are composed of Tris-glycine or Tris-tricine. Tris-glycine buffer systems are useful for separation of proteins over a wide range of molecular weights (5-300 kDa) and are compatible with denaturing or non-denaturing conditions. Tris-tricine buffer is generally recommended for the electrophoresis of low molecular weight proteins and peptides (<10 kDa) that need to be reduced and denatured prior to loading. Tris-acetate buffer system is used for separation of larger proteins (>200 kDa).

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Prestained ladders/markers are recommended for approximate determination of molecular weight and for monitoring the progress of the electrophoresis run and the efficiency of protein transfer to membranes during Western blotting procedures. Unstained ladders/markers are used for precise determination of molecular weights in any denaturing buffer system.

We do not provide the exact or approximate concentration of proteins in Thermo Scientific protein ladders, and they are not meant to be used for quantifying the protein concentration of a band. For densitometry assessment, we recommend loading a known amount of a protein standard and determining the linear range according to the gel or membrane stain used.

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Here are possible causes and solutions:

- Ladder was boiled: Discard boiled aliquot.
- Too much volume of ladder used: Add less volume or dilute the ladder in protein loading buffer prior to use.
- DTT oxidation in storage buffer: Add freshly prepared DTT solution to a final concentration of 100 mM.

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- Decrease voltage, current or length of transfer time
- Make sure that the methanol concentration in the transfer buffer is proper; use a methanol concentration of 10-20% methanol removes the SDS from SDS-protein complexes and improves the binding of protein to the membrane.
- Make sure that the SDS concentration (if added) in the transfer buffer is proper, don't use more than 0.02-0.04% SDS. Using too much SDS can prevent binding of proteins to the membrane.
- Check the pore size of the membrane and the size of the target protein. Proteins smaller than 10 kDa will easily pass through a 0.45 µm pore size membrane. If proteins smaller than 10 kDa are of interest, it would be better to use a 0.2 µm pore size membrane.

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- Increase voltage, current or length of time for transfer
- SDS in the gel and in the SDS-protein complexes promotes elution of the protein from the gels but inhibits binding of the protein to membranes. This inhibition is higher for nitrocellulose than for PVDF. For proteins that are difficult to elute from the gel such as large molecular weight proteins, a small amount of SDS may be added to the transfer buffer to improve transfer. We recommend pre-equilibrating the gel in 2X Transfer buffer (without methanol) containing 0.02-0.04% SDS for 10 minutes before assembling the sandwich and then transferring using 1X transfer buffer containing 10% methanol and 0.01%SDS.
- Methanol removes the SDS from SDS-protein complexes and improves the binding of protein to the membrane, but has some negative effects on the gel itself, leading to a decrease in transfer efficiency. It may cause a reduction in pore size, precipitation of some proteins, and some basic proteins to become positively charged or neutral. Make sure that the methanol concentration in the transfer buffer is not more than 10-20% and that high-quality, analytical grade methanol is used.

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Pre-stained standards have a dye that is covalently bound to each protein that will result in the standard migrating differently in different buffer systems (i.e., different gels). As a result, using a pre-stained standard for molecular weight estimation will only give the apparent molecular weight of the protein. Pre-stained standards may be used for molecular weight approximation, confirming gel migration and estimating blotting efficiency but for accurate molecular weight estimation, an unstained standard should be used.

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- While loading, take care to make sure that there is no cross-contamination from adjacent sample lanes.
- Make sure that the correct amount of standard is loaded per lane. Loading too much protein can result in extra bands and this is a problem especially with silver-stained gels.
- Improper storage of the standard or repeated freeze/thawing can result in protein degradation.

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Here are some suggestions:

- Make sure that the correct amount of standard is loaded per lane. Loading too much protein can cause smearing and this is a problem especially with silver stained gels.
- Bands will not be as well resolved in low percentage gels. Try using a higher percentage gel.
- If the bands look smeary and non-distinct after a western transfer/detection, this may be due to the antibody being too concentrated. Follow the manufacturer's recommended dilution or determine the optimal antibody concentration by dot-blotting.

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Here are some suggestions:

- Check the gel type/percentage of the gel that was used. Depending on the gel type and/or percentage, all the bands may not be seen. For example, the smallest bands of the protein standard may not resolve on a very low percentage gel whereas the higher molecular weight bands may not resolve on a high percentage gel.
- Check the expiration date on the protein standard. Expired lots may result in faded or missing bands due to protein degradation.
- Check the storage conditions for the protein standard. Improper storage conditions will compromise the stability of the proteins in the standard.
- Make sure that the protein standard was not heated/boiled prior to loading on the gel. Our protein standards are ready to load and we do not recommend heating/boiling them as this may cause degradation of proteins in the standard.

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The PageRuler Unstained Protein Ladder, PageRuler Unstained Broad Range Protein Ladder, and PageRuler Unstained Low Range Protein Ladder contain recombinant prokaryotic proteins and do not contain any animal-derived proteins.

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The proteins in the different PageRuler Unstained Protein Ladders (except for the 3.4 and 5 kDa peptides in the PageRuler Unstained Low Range Protein Ladder and the PageRuler Unstained Protein Ladder, and the 5 kDa peptide in the PageRuler Unstained Broad Range Protein Ladder) contain an integral Strep-tag II Sequence and may be detected on western blots using Strep-Tactin Conjugates.

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The PageRuler Unstained Protein Ladder is a mixture of 14 recombinant, highly purified proteins ranging from 10 kDa to 200 kDa. For easy reference, the 50 kDa protein band has a greater intensity than the other proteins in the ladder.

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We recommend storing the PageRuler Unstained Protein Ladders at -20 degrees C where they are stable for a year.

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Zymogram gels are essentially Tris-Glycine gels containing the substrate. Protein standards run based solely on the percentage of acrylamide and hence should run the same in both kinds of gels. It is quite possible though that if the standard is prestained, the proteins will appear a different color because of the staining (or pre-staining) of the Zymogram gels.

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Our protein standards are not designed for protein quantitation.

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Please find this information in the respective manuals for the individual protein standards.

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Our protein standards are ready to load. We do not recommend heating them as this may cause protein degradation.

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Except for our NativeMark Unstained Protein Standard (designed for native electrophoresis), all of the other unstained and prestained standards we offer (Invitrogen Sharp, SeeBlue, SeeBlue Plus2, BenchMark, HiMark) have been pre-reduced (by a proprietary method). Hence, you do not need to add reducing agent.

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