Synaptophysin Monoclonal Antibody (ZM208), MonoMab™

Product Specific Information

This product is diluted and in a ready-to-use formulation.

A recommended positive control tissue for this product is NET, however positive controls are not limited to this tissue type.

The primary antibody is intended for laboratory professional use in the detection of the corresponding protein in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue stained in manual qualitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing. This antibody is intended to be used after the primary diagnosis of tumor has been made by conventional histopathology using non-immunological histochemical stains.

This antibody recognizes a protein of 38 kDa, identified as synaptophysin. It labels normal neuroendocrine cells of human adrenal medulla, carotid body, skin, pituitary gland, thyroid, lung, pancreas, gastrointestinal mucosa, Paneth’s cells the gastrointestinal tract and of gastric parietal cells. Neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and retina are labeled. In combination with anti-chromogranin and anti-NSE, Ab to synaptophysin is very useful the identification of normal neuroendocrine cells neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Antibody is used with formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections. Pretreatment of deparaffinized tissue with heat-induced epitope retrieval or enzymatic retrieval is recommended. In general, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining techniques allow for the visualization of antigens via the sequential application of a specific antibody to the antigen (primary antibody), a secondary antibody to the primary antibody (link antibody), an enzyme complex and a chromogenic substrate with interposed washing steps. The enzymatic activation of the chromogen results in a visible reaction product at the antigen site. Results are interpreted using a light microscope and aid in the differential diagnosis of pathophysiological processes, which may or may not be associated with a particular antigen.

A positive tissue control must be run with every staining procedure performed. This tissue may contain both positive and negative staining cells or tissue components and serve as both the positive and negative control tissue. External Positive control materials should be fresh autopsy/biopsy/surgical specimens fixed, processed and embedded as soon as possible in the same manner as the patient sample (s). Positive tissue controls are indicative of correctly prepared tissues and proper staining methods. The tissues used for the external positive control materials should be selected from the patient specimens with well-characterized low levels of the positive target activity that gives weak positive staining. The low level of positivity for external positive controls is designed to ensure detection of subtle changes in the primary antibody sensitivity from instability or problems with the staining methodology. A tissue with weak positive staining is more suitable for optimal quality control and for detecting minor levels of reagent degradation.

Internal or external negative control tissue may be used depending on the guidelines and policies that govern the organization to which the end user belongs to. The variety of cell types present in many tissue sections offers internal negative control sites, but this should be verified by the user. The components that do not stain should demonstrate the absence of specific staining, and provide an indication of non-specific background staining. If specific staining occurs in the negative tissue control sites, results with the patient specimens must be considered invalid.

Target Information

Synaptophysin is a calcium-binding and integral membrane glycoprotein present in presynaptic vesicles in almost all neurons. Synaptophysin has four transmembrane domains and it forms a complex with dynamin at high calcium concentrations suggesting an involvement in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. It is also involved in the regulation of short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity. Synaptophysin is currently the most widely used marker for nerve terminals and for differentiating neuroendocrine tumors. Mutations in the gene can result in mental retardation, X-linked 96.