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Description: High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein was originally described as a nuclear non-histone DNA binding chromosomal protein. However, recent studies indicate that damaged, necrotic cells liberate HMGB1 into the extracellular milieu where it functions as a proinflammatory cytokine. Mouse HMGB1 is expressed as a 215 amino acid single chain polypeptide containing three domains: two tandem-linked positively charged DNA-binding domains (HMG box A, aa 9-79; and box B, aa 89-162), and a negatively charged 30 aa C-terminal acidic tail region. Residues 28 - 44 and 180 - 185 contain a nuclear localization signal (NLS). The cytokine activity of HMGB1 is contained in the B box, while the A box is associated with the helix-loop-helix domain of transcription factors. HMGB1 acts both as an inflammatory mediator that promotes monocyte migration and cytokine secretion, as well as a mediator of T cell-dendritic cell interaction. HMGB1 is secreted and acts to transduce cellular signals through its high affinity receptor, RAGE and possibly, TLR2 and TLR4.
Applications Reported: Mouse HMGB1 Recombinant Protein Carrier-Free is biologically active.
Applications Tested: The ED50 of this protein, as measured by mouse TNF alpha induction in RAW264.7 cells, is 3-25 µg/mL in the presence of 10 µg/mL Polymyxin B. This corresponds to a specific activity of 3,300-40 Units/mg.
Source: E. coli expressed amino acids Met1-Glu215 of mouse HMGB-1 accession # NM_010439.
Bioactivity: The ED50 of this protein, as measured by mouse TNF alpha induction in RAW264.7 cells, is 3-25 µg/mL in the presence of 10 µg/mL Polymyxin B. This corresponds to a specific activity of 3,300-40 Units/mg.
Endotoxin: Less than 0.01 ng/ug cytokine as determined by the LAL assay. Purity: >98% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Molecular Weight: The protein contains an N-terminal His tag and has a predicted molecular mass of 27.6 kDa.
Storage and handling: For best recovery, quick-spin vial prior to opening. Use in a sterile environment.
High-mobility group box 1 protein, previously known as HMG-1 or amphoterin, is a member of the high mobility group box family of non-histone chromosomal proteins. Human HMGB1 is expressed as a 30 kDa, 215 amino acid (aa) single chain polypeptide containing three domains: two N-terminal globular, 70 aa positively charged DNA-binding domains (HMG boxes A and B), and a negatively charged 30 aa C-terminal region that contains only Asp and Glu. HMGB1 is expressed at high levels in almost all cells. It was originally discovered as a nuclear protein that could bend DNA. Such bending stabilizes nucleosome formation and regulates the expression of select genes upon recruitment by DNA binding proteins. It is now known that HMGB1 can also act extracellularly, both as an inflammatory mediator that promotes monocyte migration and cytokine secretion, and as a mediator of T cell-dendritic cell interaction. Moreover, HMGB1 is reported that the level of HMGB1 is elevated during sterile tissue injury, infection, lethal endotoxemia or sepsis, collagen-induced arthritis, and ischemia-reperfusion induced tissue injury.
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Not for resale without express authorization.
Protein Aliases: Amphoterin antibody; DKFZp686A04236; High mobility group protein 1; High mobility group protein B1; HMG-1; HMG3 antibody; hmgb 1; hmgb-1; RP11-550P23.1
Gene Aliases: amphoterin; DEF; HMG-1; Hmg1; Hmgb1; p30; SBP-1
UniProt ID: (Mouse) P63158
Entrez Gene ID: (Mouse) 15289
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