PageRuler™ Plus Prestained Protein Ladder, 10 bis 250 kDa

Here are possible causes and solutions:

- Not enough volume of ladder loaded on the gel: Load an appropriate volume of the ladder onto the gel. Here are our recommendations:
--- Mini-gel: 5 µL per well (0.75-1.0 mm thick) or 10 µL per well (1.5 mm thick)
--- Large gel: 10 µL per well (0.75-1.0 mm thick) or 20 µL per well (1.5 mm thick)
- Incomplete or poor transfer: Optimize transfer conditions

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Assays and Analysis Support Center.

Here are possible causes and solutions:

- Laddder was boiled: Discard boiled aliquot.
- Too much volume of ladder used: Add less volume or dilute the ladder in protein loading buffer prior to use.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Assays and Analysis Support Center.

The fading is most likely due to detergent in the western blocking/washing solutions that can remove some of the proteins from the membrane. The dye itself will not wash off of the proteins because it is covalently bound. We have found that smaller pore size membranes retain the proteins better during blocking and wash procedures, and hence recommend use of 0.2 µm instead of 0.45 µm membranes for best resolution and protein retention. After transfer, it is a good idea to circle the pre-stained bands with a pencil on the membrane, so band positions can be identified after blocking and processing.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Assays and Analysis Support Center.

- Decrease voltage, current or length of transfer time
- Make sure that the methanol concentration in the transfer buffer is proper; use a methanol concentration of 10-20% methanol removes the SDS from SDS-protein complexes and improves the binding of protein to the membrane.
- Make sure that the SDS concentration (if added) in the transfer buffer is proper, don't use more than 0.02-0.04% SDS. Using too much SDS can prevent binding of proteins to the membrane.
- Check the pore size of the membrane and the size of the target protein. Proteins smaller than 10 kDa will easily pass through a 0.45 µm pore size membrane. If proteins smaller than 10 kDa are of interest, it would be better to use a 0.2 µm pore size membrane.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Assays and Analysis Support Center.

- Increase voltage, current or length of time for transfer
- SDS in the gel and in the SDS-protein complexes promotes elution of the protein from the gels but inhibits binding of the protein to membranes. This inhibition is higher for nitrocellulose than for PVDF. For proteins that are difficult to elute from the gel such as large molecular weight proteins, a small amount of SDS may be added to the transfer buffer to improve transfer. We recommend pre-equilibrating the gel in 2X Transfer buffer (without methanol) containing 0.02-0.04% SDS for 10 minutes before assembling the sandwich and then transferring using 1X transfer buffer containing 10% methanol and 0.01%SDS.
- Methanol removes the SDS from SDS-protein complexes and improves the binding of protein to the membrane, but has some negative effects on the gel itself, leading to a decrease in transfer efficiency. It may cause a reduction in pore size, precipitation of some proteins, and some basic proteins to become positively charged or neutral. Make sure that the methanol concentration in the transfer buffer is not more than 10-20% and that high-quality, analytical grade methanol is used.

Find additional tips, troubleshooting help, and resources within our Protein Assays and Analysis Support Center.