The clinical picture of horse allergy is variable and can affect both children and adults. Horse allergy can manifest as allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma, anaphylaxis, and food allergy (10).
Allergic rhinitis
A cross-sectional Swedish study identified horse sensitization to be a significant risk factor for rhinitis in 7- to 8-year-old children(10). Thirty-seven percent of patients presenting with rhinitis were sensitized, more common than birch, timothy, mugwort, house dust mite, or mold sensitization. Most cases that report horse exposure as a cause of asthma exacerbation also report concurrent rhinitis symptoms. (11, 12)
Asthma
Since Salter’s original description of “Animal Emanations” causing asthma in 1860, several studies have documented horse-induced respiratory symptoms in horse allergic patients. Roberts and Lack published a series of case reports suggesting that horse allergy can contribute to persistent asthma (11). Horse allergy cases also occur in heavily urbanized environments. Several cases also link respiratory distress and angioedema in children who are sensitized and recall specific horse exposure. Gallagher et al. found evidence in New Zealand that working with horses also is a risk factor for organic dust toxic syndrome, farmer’s lung, and chronic bronchitis (1, 13).
Urticaria and anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis and urticaria have been reported in horse allergic individuals (1). A 42-year-old woman who, after being bit, developed large local erythema and edema followed by generalized urticaria, rhinitis, and wheezing. A 35-year-old veterinary employee experienced an episode of sneezing, rhinitis, and urticaria following a period of postoperative care for a horse, which included intense contact with horse saliva. (1)
Other topics
Allergic reactions to mare’s milk have been described but they seem to be rare. The observed high incidence of cow’s milk allergy has prompted the search for alternative milk sources and mare milk is a potential candidate. Godovac-Zimmerman et al., have documented that mare’s milk has different amino acid sequences of milk proteins compared to cow’s milk, implying distinct IgE binding (14). Furthermore, the composition of mare’s milk seems to be closer to human milk than cow’s milk. Businco et al., have shown through double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) that mare’s milk could safely be substituted for cow’s milk in 96% of children (15). Half of the children who failed the DBPCFC were sensitized to mare’s milk. Restani et al., found weak cross-reactivity between mare´s and cow´s milk (16).
There are several case reports about individuals allergic to horse dander reacting with generalized urticaria, angioedema, and an asthma exacerbation after ingesting mare´s milk. Therefore, sensitization to horse dander can lead to a reaction to mare’s milk allergy (1).