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Meeting dissolved gas control needs of industrial production

Dissolved oxygen (DO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in boiler feed water, process water, and industrial fluids may accelerate corrosion of pipework and system components, shorten equipment service life, and reduce ion exchange efficiency in ultrapure water (UPW) systems. Dissolved gas concentrations in semiconductor process fluids and beverages can directly impact product quality. Oxygen ingress can produce off-notes in beverages and impact shelf life. For electronics manufacturing, low levels of dissolved gases are required to help ensure a smooth, efficient process that reduces the risk of defects. Legacy technologies, including vacuum towers and oxygen scavengers, may require significant footprint and chemical handling and could struggle to meet the dissolved gas specifications required at an acceptable operating cost. 


Dissolved gas control solutions by industry

Thermo Scientific Liqui-Cel Membrane Contactors can address dissolved gas control requirements across a range of industrial production sectors.

UPW production for semiconductor fabrication may require that dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide be reduced to very low levels to protect device yield and prevent contamination of sensitive surfaces. Maintaining low dissolved CO₂ may improve ion exchange efficiency by reducing the load on electrodionization (EDI) and ion exchange resin beds, potentially reducing regeneration frequency and associated operating costs. 

Precise dissolved gas control may also be applied in electrochemical deposition (ECD) processes, where dissolved oxygen can contribute to yield loss, and in functional water processes where small, controlled quantities of gases are added for cleaning or conditioning. The same membrane contactor platform is applicable to dissolved gas control in wet bench process fluids beyond UPW.

Dissolved oxygen should be addressed in boiler feed water and process water prior to use in steam generation cycles. Oxygen in feed water may accelerate corrosion of boiler tubes, heat exchangers, and steam system components. With growing demand for power generation capacity, operations managers can face increasing pressure to maintain system efficiency and limit unplanned downtime.

Compact membrane contactor-based deaeration offers a practical alternative to conventional vacuum deaerators with a reduced installation footprint, no chemical oxygen scavenger requirements, and rapid start-up. Managing dissolved CO₂ alongside oxygen may also improve ion-exchange efficiency by reducing the regeneration frequency and associated costs.

 

Dissolved gas control in beverage production may encompass both dissolved gas removal and dissolved gas addition. Deoxygenation helps protect against oxidative degradation during processing, blending, and packaging. Decarbonation prepares base water for downstream processing steps.

For carbonated and nitrogenated products, in-line membrane contactors can add CO₂ or N₂ to achieve consistent dissolved gas levels in finished beverages without the variability associated with conventional pressure tank carbonation approaches. Operating continuously rather than in batch cycles, and without sparging, contactors can support tighter product specifications and scalability across carbonated soft drinks, sparkling water, wine, and other beverages.

 

Dissolved oxygen in boiler feed water, injection water, and process fluids can present a corrosion and integrity risk to pipework, vessels, and offshore production equipment. Regulatory requirements and environmental standards further constrain how dissolved gases are managed across these operations.

Applications include boiler feed water deoxygenation, oil washing processes, and water flooding for enhanced oil recovery. A compact footprint and lower equipment weight of membrane contactor systems offer practical installation advantages over vacuum towers and conventional deaeration equipment. 

Operations managers also evaluate the total cost of ownership, including installation, transportation, and maintenance requirements.

Ammonia in wastewater effluent may be subject to increasingly stringent regulatory discharge limits. Responsible ammonia management helps protect downstream sewage systems, treatment plants, and receiving water bodies from nitrogen loading. It also helps facilities meet municipal water treatment discharge requirements.

TransMembrane ChemiSorption (TMCS) can offer a compact, single-step approach to ammonia abatement. Ammonia gas is stripped from the wastewater stream through a hollow fiber membrane and absorbed directly into a reactive acid solution on the shell side, thereby removing it from the effluent and recovering it as an ammonium salt that could be reused or sold. This approach addresses both compliance objectives and sustainability goals by converting a waste stream into a recoverable resource.

 


Dissolved gas control capabilities

Dissolved gas control requirements across industrial production may be addressed through four technical capability areas. These capabilities share the same hollow fiber membrane contactor platform, which can be configured and deployed differently depending on the liquid stream, target dissolved gas level, and throughput requirements.

Dissolved gas removal

Dissolved gas removal—primarily deoxygenation and decarbonation—are necessary in many industrial applications.

Dissolved oxygen management can be critical in UPW production, boiler feed water treatment, beverage production, and oil and gas injection water to name few key applications areas. Dissolved CO₂ management is required in UPW systems where carbon dioxide can interfere with resistivity targets, and in beverage process water preparation.

Dissolved gas addition

Membrane contactors configured for dissolved gas addition can achieve rapid and precise dissolved gas levels across a range of industrial liquid streams.

CO₂ addition supports consistent carbonation in soft drinks, sparkling water, wine, and other beverages. N₂ addition can be used in applications where dissolved nitrogen is required to meet product specifications or for pressure management.

Membrane-based carbonation operates consistently and predictably as a continuous in-line process.

Ammonia removal and recovery

TransMembrane ChemiSorption (TMCS) is the specialized capability within the Thermo Scientific Liqui-Cel Membrane Contactor platform. 

In the TMCS process, ammonia gas is stripped from an ammonia-rich wastewater stream by diffusing through a hollow fiber membrane into a reactive acid solution on the shell side, where it is absorbed and converted to an ammonium salt. 

Removal and recovery can be achieved simultaneously in a single device.

Debubbling

Debubbling targets the removal of sufficient dissolved gas to limit bubble formation, and the dissolved gas specifications involved are typically less stringent than those required in deoxygenation applications. 

Liqui-Cel EXF Membrane Contactors can be used in debubbling applications alongside the Liqui-Cel SP Membrane Contactors and Liqui-Cel MM Membrane Contactors. 

Explore products for dissolved gas control

Each membrane contactor can be used in-line and help address different requirements across production scale, process chemistry, and application type. 

Liqui-Cel EXF Membrane Contactors

Microporous hollow fiber membrane technology can be used for dissolved gas removal and dissolved gas addition in compatible liquid streams. They are commonly used for UPW, process water, boiler feed water, and beverages.

Liqui-Cel SP Membrane Contactors

Liqui-Cel SP membrane contactors are non-porous, gas-permeable hollow fiber membranes that can be used for debubbling and degassing of low surface tension liquid streams. They may be suited for inks, coatings, plating solutions, and specialty chemical applications.

Liqui-Cel MM Membrane Contactors

Our lowest flow rate devices, Liqui-Cel MM membrane contactors can be used as a compact point-of-use degassing and debubbling solution. They have high membrane surface areas in very small footprints.

Liqui-Cel Membrane Contactors

Liqui-Cel membrane contactors can be used to remove and recover ammonia from wastewater streams. Ammonia diffuses through a hollow fiber membrane and is absorbed into a reactive acid solution.

Product links on this page currently direct to Solventum.com. Product information will soon be available on Thermofisher.com as part of our ongoing integration.

Frequently asked questions

Dissolved gas control is the management of dissolved gas concentrations in liquid streams through the addition or removal of specific gases. Key gases addressed include dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and ammonia. Principal applications include ultrapure water production, boiler feed water treatment, beverage carbonation and deoxygenation, and industrial wastewater treatment. Membrane contactor technology offers a chemical-free approach to dissolved gas control at an industrial production scale.

In a hollow fiber membrane contactor, the liquid stream flows on one side of a microporous membrane while a sweep gas or vacuum is applied to the shell side. Dissolved gases may diffuse across the membrane down the concentration gradient and are withdrawn from the liquid without direct contact between the two phases. The large membrane surface area can achieve efficient gas transfer within a compact module footprint, with no chemical additives required.

Industries applying dissolved gas control include microelectronics and semiconductor manufacturing, electrochemical deposition, power and steam generation, beverage production, oil and gas production and refinement, and industrial wastewater treatment. Dissolved gas control is also applied in pharmaceutical water, ink and coatings production, and laboratory analytical instrumentation. Requirements may vary by application; connecting with a Thermo Fisher Scientific specialist is recommended for application-specific information.

Related resources

Discover filtration and separation resources

Process engineers, design engineers, and quality managers can access application-specific resources, including brochures, technical data sheets, and case studies. Browse resources by industry to support informed selection and process planning.

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Intended use of the products mentioned on this page vary. For specific intended use statements, please refer to the Instructions for Use for the product.