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Please note: We are reviewing Western blot images included in the antibody testing data in our catalog, including those provided by third parties. Unless expressly labeled or annotated as “raw-unedited”, Western blot images included in the antibody testing data in our catalog may have been edited, optimized or otherwise adjusted for presentation.
Reconstitute with 0.2 mL of distilled water to yield a concentration of 500 µg/mL.
Positive Control - WB: rat kidney tissue, rat testis tissue, mouse brain tissue, mouse kidney tissue, mouse testis tissue, human Hela cell, human A375 cell, human HepG2 cell.
The Smad family of proteins are functioning in the transmission of extracellular signals in the TGF-beta signaling pathway. Binding of a TGF-beta superfamily ligands to extracellular receptors triggers phosphorylation of Smad2 at a Serine-Serine-Methionine-Serine (SSMS) motif at its C-terminus. Phosphorylated Smad2 is then able to form a complex with Smad4. These complexes accumulate in the cell nucleus, where they are directly participating in the regulation of gene expression. In mammals, eight Smad proteins have been identified to date. The Smad family of proteins can be divided into three functional groups: the receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads), common mediator Smads (Co-Smads), and the inhibitory Smads (I-Smads). The R-Smads are directly phosphorylated by the activated type I receptors on their C-terminal Ser-Ser-X-Ser (SSXS) motif and include Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad5, and Smad8. Smad2 and Smad3 are phosphorylated in response to TGF-beta and activin, whereas Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8 are phosphorylated in response to BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein). This C-terminal phosphorylation allows R-Smad binding to Co-Smad, Smad4, and translocation to the nucleus where they regulate TGF-beta target genes. Smad6 and Smad7 belong to the I-Smad which bind to the type I receptor or Smad4 and block their interaction with R-Smads.
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